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This prospective open-label randomized study, patients were having elective urological surgery scheduled to last longer than 1 h under necessitating general anesthesia.Group-P: (Propofol group): 3 mg kg-1 min-1 propofol was pumped continuously after endotracheal intubation. Group-PAS: (Propofol and after 20 min adding Sevoflurane group): 3 mg kg-1 min-1 propofol were pumped continuously and add 1% end-tidal sevoflurane 20 minutes after endotracheal intubation. Group-PS: (Propofol and Sevoflurane group): 3 mg kg-1 min-1 propofol were continuously pumped after endotracheal intubation, and 1% sevoflurane was inhaled continuously at the same time. Group-S: (Sevoflurane group): 1% sevoflurane continued to maintain anesthesia after endotracheal intubation. Group-PSu: (Propofol and Sufentanil group): 3 mg kg-1 min-1 propofol, 0.01 μ g kg-1 min-1 sufentanil were pumped continuously at maintain phase
Group-P: (Propofol group): 3 mg kg-1 min-1 propofol was pumped continuously after endotracheal intubation. Group-PAS: (Propofol and after 20 min adding Sevoflurane group): 3 mg kg-1 min-1 propofol were pumped continuously and add 1% end-tidal sevoflurane 20 minutes after endotracheal intubation. Group-PS: (Propofol and Sevoflurane group): 3 mg kg-1 min-1 propofol were continuously pumped after endotracheal intubation, and 1% sevoflurane was inhaled continuously at the same time. Group-S: (Sevoflurane group): 1% sevoflurane continued to maintain anesthesia after endotracheal intubation. Group-PSu: (Propofol and Sufentanil group): 3 mg kg-1 min-1 propofol, 0.01 μ g kg-1 min-1 sufentanil were pumped continuously at maintain phase. Due to the ethical requirements of adequent analgesia, 0.3 μ g kg-1 min-1 remifentanil was continuously pumped as background input dose during anesthesia maintenance in all groups.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group-P | Active Comparator | Group-P: (Propofol group): 5 mg kg-1 h-1 propofol was pumped continuously after endotracheal intubation. |
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| Group-PAS | Experimental | Group-PAS: (Propofol and after 20 min adding Sevoflurane group): 2.5 mg kg-1 h-1 propofol were pumped continuously and add 1% end-tidal sevoflurane 20 minutes after endotracheal intubation. |
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| Group-PS | Experimental | Group-PS: (Propofol and Sevoflurane group): 2.5 mg kg-1 h-1 propofol were continuously pumped after endotracheal intubation, and 1% sevoflurane was inhaled continuously at the same time. |
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| Group-S | Experimental | Group-S: (Sevoflurane group): 2% sevoflurane continued to maintain anesthesia after endotracheal intubation. |
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| Group-PSu | Experimental | Group-PSu: (Propofol and Sufentanil group): 5 mg kg-1 h-1 propofol, 0.01 μ g kg-1 min-1 sufentanil were pumped continuously at maintain phase |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Propofol | Drug | 5 mg kg-1 h-1 propofol was pumped continuously after endotracheal intubation. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Extubation Duration(ED) | the extubation Duration (ED) was calculated as the time from the end of anesthesia to extubation of the LMA | Up to 24 hours |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Length of PACU | Length of PACU (Post-anesthesia care unit): From entering the PACU to discharge from the PACU | Up to 24 hours |
| qNOX | Noceciption index,The qNOX of depth of analgesia also ranges from 99 to 0, and usually it is controlled to be within 40-60 during the operative period, with qNOX > 80 indicating an insufficient use of analgesic agents and qNOX < 10 indicating excessive analgesic effects. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Yanghai Cui | China International Neuroscience Institution | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xuanwu hospital | Beijing | Beijing Municipality | 100053 | China |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015742 | Propofol |
| D000077149 | Sevoflurane |
| D017409 | Sufentanil |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010636 | Phenols |
| D001555 | Benzene Derivatives |
| D006841 | Hydrocarbons, Aromatic |
| D006844 | Hydrocarbons, Cyclic |
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| 1% Sevoflurane | Drug | add 1% end-tidal sevoflurane 20 minutes after endotracheal intubation. |
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| 1% Sevoflurane continue | Drug | 1% sevoflurane continued to maintain anesthesia after endotracheal intubation. |
|
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| Sufentanil | Drug | 0.01 μ g kg-1 min-1 sufentanil were pumped continuously at maintain phase |
|
| 2% Sevoflurane | Drug | 2% sevoflurane continued to maintain anesthesia after endotracheal intubation. |
|
|
| Propofol half | Drug | 2.5 mg kg-1 h-1 propofol was pumped continuously after endotracheal intubation. |
|
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| From entering the operation room until the discharge from the operation room, assessed up to 12 hours |
| Bis | Bispectral index,Bis 50-80 means appropriate Sedation depth | From entering the operation room until the discharge from the operation room, assessed up to 12 hours |
| Blood pressure | measuring Systolic, Diastolic and Mean Blood Pressure | From entering the operation room until the discharge from the operation room, assessed up to 12 hours |
| The heart rate | The heart rate | From entering the operation room until the discharge from the operation room, assessed up to 12 hours |
| D006838 |
| Hydrocarbons |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D008738 | Methyl Ethers |
| D004987 | Ethers |
| D006845 | Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated |
| D006846 | Hydrocarbons, Halogenated |
| D005283 | Fentanyl |
| D010880 | Piperidines |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |