Radioligand therapy (RLT) using Lutetium-177 labelled PSMA is a promising new therapeutic approach to treat metastatic prostate cancer. This tumor-specific treatment is directed against prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells. In the last few years, several lutetium-177 (177Lu, β emitter) labeled PSMA ligands have been developed and are currently applied to treat metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer patients. To date, there are no prospective randomized studies published using this treatment in the hormone sensitive setting or in oligometastatic prostate cancer. Therefore, this study we will evaluate the effect of 177Lu-PSMA in patients with hormone sensitive oligo-metastatic prostate cancer.

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) radioligand therapy (RLT) is a promising new therapeutic approach to treat metastatic prostate cancer. This tumor-specific treatment is directed against PSMA, which is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells. In the last few years, several Lutetium-177 (177Lu, β emitter) labeled PSMA ligands have been developed and are currently applied in nuclear medicine departments worldwide to treat metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients.

A large retrospective study reported an overall biochemical response rate of 45% following multiple 177Lu-PSMA RLT cycles in mCRPC patients, while 40% of patients already responded after a single cycle. RLT with 177Lu-PSMA was generally well tolerated and 12% of the patients suffered grade 3 to 4 hematological toxicity. In addition, mild and often transient xerostomia occurred in 8%. A prospective study carried out in Australia confirmed these results recently. Based on these outcomes Endocyte (a Novartis company) is currently carrying out an international multicenter prospective registration study for end-stage mCRPC patients (NCT03511664).

Although these results are promising, it is noteworthy that most of the currently available data is retrospective and 177Lu-PSMA has only been evaluated in end stage prostate cancer patients to date. However, based on the mode of action, 177Lu-PSMA could also be effective in low volume disease because of the very high tumor uptake of radioligands in smaller lesions. Also, in a pilot study (NCT03828838) we were able to show that 177Lu-PSMA treatment is safe coupled with promising response rates. Hence, the present randomized trial to investigate the efficacy of 177Lu-PSMA in patients with oligo-metastatic (≤5 metastases) metastatic prostate cancer, prior to the hormone insensitive state. In this study, 58 patients will be included in a 1:1 ratio to receive either 177Lu-PSMA or the current standard of care (deferred androgen deprivation therapy).

At the end of the study period for answering the primary research question, patients randomized to the control arm are eligible to receive 177Lu-PSMA if they meet the end of the study period treatment (EOT 1) criteria and are willing to undergo 177Lu-PSMA.

EOT 1 is defined by:

• Clinical progression determined by the treating physician (e.g. increasing pain from metastases)
• A 100% increase in PSA after cycle one blood draw (BASELINE) during study. Exception: PSA increase in the first 12 weeks after the first treatment injection as was defined by the PCWG3 criteria.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Histological proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate with sufficient archived tumor material. This material has to be archived till study closure.
• Biochemical recurrence (PSA > 1.0 µg/l).
• PSA-doubling time < 6 months. Serum PSA progression is defined as 2 consecutive rising PSA values measured at least 1 week apart. The minimal start value is 0.2 µg/l.
• 18F-PSMA-PET-CT positive metastases in bones and/or lymph nodes (N1/M1ab): ≥1, maximally 5 metastases.
• Local treatment for oligo-metastases with radiotherapy or surgery appears to be no option anymore (due to prior treatment or the location of the metastatic lesions or if the patient refuse these treatments).
• No prior hormonal therapy (including any androgen directed treatment such as finasteride, dutasteride, bicalutamide, apalutamide, abiraterone or enzalutamide) or taxane based chemotherapy (docetaxel or cabazitaxel); testosterone > 1.7 nmol/l.

Exception: local prostate cancer treated with local radiotherapy plus adjuvant ADT; these patients need to be stopped with ADT at least 6 months.

• A detectable lesion on the 18F-PSMA PET/CT with significant PSMA avidity, defined by a SUVmax > 15 (partial volume corrected).

• ECOG 0-1

• Patients must have a life expectancy >6 months.

• Laboratory values:

  • White blood cells > 3.0 x 109/l
  • Platelet count > 75 x 109/l
  • Hemoglobin > 6.2 mmol/l
  • ASAT, ALAT < 3 x ULN
  • MDRD-GFR ≥ 50 ml/min

• Signed informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• A known subtype other than prostate adenocarcinoma.
• Previous PSMA based radioligand treatment.
• Visceral or brain metastases.
• Any medical condition present that in the opinion of the investigator will affect patients' clinical status when participating in this trial.
• Prior hip replacement surgery potentially influencing performance of PSMA PET/CT.
• Sjogren's syndrome
• A second active malignancy other than prostate cancer.
• Patients who are sexually active and not willing/able to use medically acceptable forms of barrier contraception.