12-week structured FPT program, conducted by a certified trainer from a community service provider. Sessions were held twice weekly at the respective community senior activity centers, each lasting 60 minutes in duration.

Participants either continued the usual exercise program provided by their respective community senior activity centers or their personal exercise routine.

The exercise intervention encompassed high-velocity movement, balance, and mobility exercises with the use of body weight and resistance bands as resistance. Participants were instructed to move rapidly during the concentric phase and slowly during the eccentric phase when performing the dynamic exercises.

Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Frailty status which characterizes frailty based on five components: unintentional weight loss, weakness, slowness, exhaustion and low physical activity. 1 point for each category. Robust: 0 point, Pre-Frail: 1-2 points , Frail: 3-5 points.

Hand grip strength (kg)

Knee extensor strength (kg)

Timed up and go (TUG) (seconds)

Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) consist of:

1. Balance test
2. Gait speed
3. Chair stand test

Exercise journals