The EUC condition is designed to match the PPMI condition in terms of the non-specific aspects of receiving support for pain, substance use, and receiving monitoring of buprenorphine adherence.

Pain level will be measured using the Numerical Rating Scale for Pain Intensity (NRS-I), an 11-point numeric rating scale (0=no pain, 10= worst pain imaginable), which will be collected at the baseline enrollment assessment and 3-month follow-up. To calculate our measure, we subtracted each participant's score at 3-month assessment and subtracted it from their baseline score. We then averaged calculated average change in scores for each intervention group.

Pain-related functioning will be measured using the pain interference subscale of the Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form (BPI), an 11-point numeric rating scale (0 = no pain/does not interfere, 10 = worst pain imaginable/completely interferes). For this study, an increase in pain-related functioning will be measured as a reduction in the pain interference scale scores over time. The BPI interference subscale measures how much pain has interfered with seven daily activities and will provide a current level of pain-related functioning (past 24-hours) at the 3-month follow-up. BPI pain interference will be calculated as the mean of the seven interference items. For each follow-up time point, the baseline value will be subtracted to obtain a change score.

Frequency of substance use will be measured using the TimeLine Follow-Back and will be collected at 3-month follow-up. During the administration, the participant will be asked to recall their alcohol and drug use utilizing a calendar-assisted structured interview that provides the participant with temporal cues to increase the accuracy of recall. At each follow-up, data will be collected for the entire period since the previous date of data collection. Percent days abstinent from substances (e.g. alcohol and drugs) will be used as the primary measure of substance use. Values shown are the treatment group average percent of days that participants were abstinent from substances after 3 months follow-up.

Pain level will be measured using the Numerical Rating Scale for Pain Intensity (NRS-I), an 11-point numeric rating scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst pain imaginable), which will be collected at the baseline enrollment assessment and the 12-month follow-up. For each follow-up time point, the baseline value will be subtracted to obtain a change score.

Pain-related functioning will be measured using the pain interference subscale of the Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form (BPI), an 11-point numeric rating scale (0 = no pain/does not interfere, 10 = worst pain imaginable/completely interferes). For this study, an increase in pain-related functioning will be measured as a reduction in the pain interference scale scores over time. The BPI interference subscale measures how much pain has interfered with seven daily activities and will provide a current level of pain-related functioning (past 24-hours) at the 12-month follow-up. BPI pain interference will be calculated as the mean of the seven interference items. For each follow-up time point, the baseline value will be subtracted to obtain a change score.

Frequency of substance use will be measured using the TimeLine Follow-Back and will be collected at the 12-month follow-up. During the administration, the participant will be asked to recall their alcohol and drug use utilizing a calendar-assisted structured interview that provides the participant with temporal cues to increase the accuracy of recall. At each follow-up, data will be collected for the entire period since the previous date of data collection. Percent days abstinent from substances (e.g. alcohol and drugs) will be used as the primary measure of substance use. Values shown are the treatment group average percent of days that participants were abstinent from substances after 12 months follow-up.

Completed = number of participants that completed the timepoint survey.

Completed = number of participants that completed the timepoint survey.

Completed = number of participants that completed the timepoint survey.

Completed = number of participants that completed the timepoint survey.

Completed = number of participants that completed the timepoint survey.

Two individual telephone educational sessions with research study therapist.

Enhanced Usual Care (EUC): The EUC condition is designed to match the PPMI condition in terms of the non-specific aspects of receiving support for pain, substance use, and receiving monitoring of buprenorphine adherence.

Total of all reporting groups

Self-identified yes/no to "Have you ever been in the United States Armed Forces?"

Pain-related functioning will be measured using the pain interference subscale of the Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form (BPI), an 11-point numeric rating scale (0 = no pain/does not interfere, 10 = worst pain imaginable/completely interferes).

During the TimeLine Follow Back assessment at baseline, participants reported their daily substance use for the past 6 months. The team calculated the average percentage of days that participants did not use substances within the 6-month period prior to their baseline assessment ((# of days abstinent )/(# of baseline days assessed)*100).

Pain level will be measured using the Numerical Rating Scale for Pain Intensity (NRS-I), an 11-point numeric rating scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst pain imaginable).

RODS is an 8-item measure based on the DSM criteria that is used to quickly assess opioid dependence among adults. RODS assesses lifetime use of opioids such as heroin, methadone, buprenorphine, oxycontin, and other opioid analgesics, and asks questions measuring physiological, behavioral, and cognitive factors associated with opioid use. RODS uses binary (yes/no) responses that are summed to create the summary measure. Summary scores range from 0 - 8, with "Yes" responses to three or more questions (or a score of 3 or more) suggesting the presence of a probable opioid use disorder.

Measurement of the severity of opioid use disorder as indicated by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5.

Two individual telephone educational sessions with research study therapist.

Enhanced Usual Care (EUC): The EUC condition is designed to match the PPMI condition in terms of the non-specific aspects of receiving support for pain, substance use, and receiving monitoring of buprenorphine adherence.

In this study, "retention on buprenorphine treatment" was defined as the time until a participant stopped taking their medication for 7 or more days in a row. This information was collected using a calendar recall method, the TimeLine Follow-Back (TLFB) measure at 12 months. The average number of days participants remained on buprenorphine before this happened was calculated, using the data collected at 12-month follow-up.

Pain level will be measured using the Numerical Rating Scale for Pain Intensity (NRS-I), an 11-point numeric rating scale (0=no pain, 10= worst pain imaginable), which will be collected at the baseline enrollment assessment and 3-month follow-up. To calculate our measure, we subtracted each participant's score at 3-month assessment and subtracted it from their baseline score. We then averaged calculated average change in scores for each intervention group.

Participants were not required to answer every survey question. Number of participants analyzed reflects number of participants who provided data for this survey question.

Pain-related functioning will be measured using the pain interference subscale of the Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form (BPI), an 11-point numeric rating scale (0 = no pain/does not interfere, 10 = worst pain imaginable/completely interferes). For this study, an increase in pain-related functioning will be measured as a reduction in the pain interference scale scores over time. The BPI interference subscale measures how much pain has interfered with seven daily activities and will provide a current level of pain-related functioning (past 24-hours) at the 3-month follow-up. BPI pain interference will be calculated as the mean of the seven interference items. For each follow-up time point, the baseline value will be subtracted to obtain a change score.

Participants were not required to answer every survey question. Number of participants analyzed reflects number of participants who provided data for this survey question.

Frequency of substance use will be measured using the TimeLine Follow-Back and will be collected at 3-month follow-up. During the administration, the participant will be asked to recall their alcohol and drug use utilizing a calendar-assisted structured interview that provides the participant with temporal cues to increase the accuracy of recall. At each follow-up, data will be collected for the entire period since the previous date of data collection. Percent days abstinent from substances (e.g. alcohol and drugs) will be used as the primary measure of substance use. Values shown are the treatment group average percent of days that participants were abstinent from substances after 3 months follow-up.

Participants were not required to answer every survey question. Number of participants analyzed reflects number of participants who provided data for this survey question.

Pain level will be measured using the Numerical Rating Scale for Pain Intensity (NRS-I), an 11-point numeric rating scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst pain imaginable), which will be collected at the baseline enrollment assessment and the 12-month follow-up. For each follow-up time point, the baseline value will be subtracted to obtain a change score.

Participants were not required to answer every survey question. Number of participants analyzed reflects number of participants who provided data for this survey question.

Pain-related functioning will be measured using the pain interference subscale of the Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form (BPI), an 11-point numeric rating scale (0 = no pain/does not interfere, 10 = worst pain imaginable/completely interferes). For this study, an increase in pain-related functioning will be measured as a reduction in the pain interference scale scores over time. The BPI interference subscale measures how much pain has interfered with seven daily activities and will provide a current level of pain-related functioning (past 24-hours) at the 12-month follow-up. BPI pain interference will be calculated as the mean of the seven interference items. For each follow-up time point, the baseline value will be subtracted to obtain a change score.

Participants were not required to answer every survey question. Number of participants analyzed reflects number of participants who provided data for this survey question.

Frequency of substance use will be measured using the TimeLine Follow-Back and will be collected at the 12-month follow-up. During the administration, the participant will be asked to recall their alcohol and drug use utilizing a calendar-assisted structured interview that provides the participant with temporal cues to increase the accuracy of recall. At each follow-up, data will be collected for the entire period since the previous date of data collection. Percent days abstinent from substances (e.g. alcohol and drugs) will be used as the primary measure of substance use. Values shown are the treatment group average percent of days that participants were abstinent from substances after 12 months follow-up.

Participants were not required to answer every survey question. Number of participants analyzed reflects number of participants who provided data for this survey question.

Two individual telephone educational sessions with research study therapist.

Enhanced Usual Care (EUC): The EUC condition is designed to match the PPMI condition in terms of the non-specific aspects of receiving support for pain, substance use, and receiving monitoring of buprenorphine adherence.

General medical care for pain or injuries