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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey | OTHER |
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Background: Glycemic control can be difficult in the elderly with diabetes.Diabetic foot problems characterized by vascular and neuropathy are serious complications. The effectiveness of reflexology has been demonstrated to achieve glycemic control and manage diabetic foot problems.
Objectives: To determine the effect of foot reflexology on ankle brachial index (ABI), diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and glycemic control in elderly diabetic individuals.
Design: A randomized clinical trial. Settings: An outpatient elderly health center in Turkey. Participants: 48 individuals aged 65 and over enrolled in the elderly health center were included.
Methods: The elderly were randomized into two groups (study, n=24; control,n=24). Foot reflexology was performed for 12 week in the study group, whereas the control group continued their routine treatment and follow-up. Both groups underwent a comprehensive foot examination for evaluating ABI and DPN at baseline and after 12 weeks; furthermore, glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin-HbA1c) was evaluated. An independent two-sample t-test was performed for pre- and post-test between-group comparisons; an effect size analysis was performed to determine the effect of intervention.
Background: Elderly individuals often refer to the health facility with the complications of diabetes as the first reason. Glycemic control can be quite difficult in elderly diabetic individuals compared to other age groups. Diabetic foot problems, leading to progressive problems from circulatory disorders and nervous loss to organ loss, constitute the most serious complications. Foot reflexology has been shown as a useful practice in the management of glycemic control and foot problems in diabetic individuals. Reflexology has been shown to have a positive effect on glycemic control and the management of diabetic foot problems. There are clinical trials of reflexology in Turkey for use in a variety of diseases or conditions, but there are no studies about diabetes or diabetes complications. Therefore, current research is a first in this regard. In this context, this study has been performed to determine the effect of foot reflexology on ABI, DPN, and glycemic control in elderly diabetic individuals.
Design: A randomized clinical trial. Settings: An outpatient elderly health center in Turkey. Participants: 48 individuals aged 65 and over enrolled in the elderly health center were included.
Measures: At baseline, subjective area was collected by participant information form. Glycemic control was evaluated with HbA1c. DPN and ABI assessment were performed by physical examination of the foot at baseline and three months later.
Methods: The elderly were randomized into two groups (study, n=24; control, n=24). Foot reflexology was performed for 12 week in the study group, whereas the control group continued their routine treatment and follow-up. Both groups underwent a comprehensive foot examination for evaluating ABI and DPN at baseline and after 12 weeks; furthermore, HbA1c was evaluated. An independent two-sample t-test was performed for pre- and post-test between-group comparisons; an effect size analysis was performed to determine the effect of intervention.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group | Experimental | Foot reflexology was performed for 12 week in the intervention group, whereas the control group continued their routine treatment and follow-up. |
|
| Control group | No Intervention | Usual follow-up was done to the control group. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foot reflexology | Other | Foot reflexology was performed for 12 week in the study group,whereas the control group continued their routine treatment and follow-up. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Means of Ankle Brachial Index score | Vascular assessment test to assess peripheral circulation in the lower limbs. The measurement, obtained by dividing the highest ankle arterial pressure (posterior tibial or dorsalis pedis) on the same side by brachial pressure, was evaluated using a 5-10-MHz handheld Doppler device and a blood pressure cuff. | 3-month change |
| Means of Diabetic peripheral neuropathy score | Measurement parameter testing whether there is nerve damage due to diabetes by physical examination of the foot. The examination was determined using symptom and disability scores. Symptom scores included questions related to complaints experienced by patients, the location of the complaints, the presence of night or day symptoms, and how the symptoms relieved/subsided. Disability scores were determined with four parameters: vibration sensation (128 Hz tuning fork), pinprick sensation, achilles reflex and sensitivity to touch (Semmes-Weinstein nylon monofilaments 10 g).Participant responses and examination findings were scored according to a guideline and a neuropathy score was obtained for each participant. | 3-month change |
| HbA1c levels (%) | Blood test to evaluate glycemic control. Blood sample was collected in EDTA-coated tubes (2 mL of whole) from the participants. | 3-month change |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Süleyman ÖZSARI, PhD, DR | Bolu Provincial Health Directorate | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bolu Elderly Health Center | Bolu | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 34237668 | Derived | Cicek SC, Demir S, Yilmaz D, Yildiz S. Effect of reflexology on ankle brachial index, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and glycemic control in older adults with diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2021 Aug;44:101437. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101437. Epub 2021 Jul 4. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| D003929 | Diabetic Neuropathies |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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Randomized Controlled Trial
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| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D010523 | Peripheral Nervous System Diseases |
| D009468 | Neuromuscular Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D048909 | Diabetes Complications |