The focus of the study is to better understand the mechanisms causing antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and how probiotics may prevent some of the iatrogenic effects of antibiotic medications. One of the most common indications for probiotics is for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Clinically, different probiotic strains have demonstrated the ability to prevent AAD; however, the mechanism of action behind this effect has not been elucidated. Data from several studies suggest that antibiotic-induced disruption of commensal bacteria in the colon results in a significant (up to 50%) reduction in short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and a concomitant reduction in Na-dependent fluid absorption resulting in AAD. Probiotics have been shown to ameliorate a variety of gastrointestinal disease states and thus, the study investigators hypothesize that administration of a probiotic yogurt will protect against the development of AAD.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. One of the most common indications for probiotic treatment is the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). Unfortunately, the efficacy of many probiotic products used for AAD is not supported by rigorous independent research, and non-evidence-based clinical usage is common. Data from several studies are consistent with the notion that antibiotic-induced disruption of commensal bacteria in the colon results in a significant reduction of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and a concomitant reduction in Na-dependent fluid absorption resulting in AAD. The probiotic strain being studied, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB-12), has been shown to ameliorate a variety of gastrointestinal disease states and is known to produce acetate at concentrations up to 50 mM in vitro. Thus, the investigators hypothesize that administration of BB-12 at the same time as antibiotic consumption will protect against the development of AAD through its ability to generate acetate directly, and also increase other SCFAs through cross-feeding of certain bacteria in the Firmicutes phylum such Clostridium, Eubacterium and Roseburia, which use acetate to produce butyrate.

The primary aim is to determine the ability of BB-12 to impact antibiotic-induced reduction in SCFA as reflected by the levels of acetate, the most abundant primary colonic SCFA, and assess temporal intervals of probiotic administration. The primary hypothesis is that antibiotics will result in a reduction in fecal SCFA, but BB-12 supplementation will protect against antibiotic-induced SCFA reduction and/or be associated with a more rapid return to baseline SCFA levels as compared to controls. Antibiotics also result in a decrease in total microbial counts and diversity in the gut microbiota, disrupting the homeostasis of the gut ecosystem and allowing colonization by pathogens. We hypothesize that concurrent administration of the probiotic and antibiotic is not necessary for the probiotic impact on SCFA.

The secondary aim will be to determine the ability of BB-12 to impact antibiotic-induced disruption of the gut microbiota with 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) profiling, and assess temporal intervals of probiotic administration. The secondary hypothesis is that antibiotics will result in a decrease in the overall number and diversity of bacterial species present in the fecal microbiota, and further BB-12 supplementation will protect against antibiotic-induced shifts in the microbiota and/or will be associated with a more rapid return to a baseline microbiota composition as compared to controls. We hypothesize that concurrent administration of the probiotic and antibiotic is not necessary for the probiotic effect on the composition of the gut microbiota.

The tertiary aim is to longitudinally characterize the gut microbiota with high-throughput metatranscriptomics in order to generate complementary information on the impact of antibiotics plus and minus BB-12 on overall microbiome function. We hypothesize that acetate produced by BB-12 in situ will cross-feed butyrate producers in the Firmicutes phylum resulting in an up-regulation of butyrate biosynthetic pathways.

The long-term goal is to determine the impact of BB-12 on a variety of gastrointestinal disease states and ages, through high-level independent research. This mechanism elucidation is important for directing future translational and effectiveness research.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Has the ability to read, speak, and write in English
• Has a refrigerator (for proper storage of the study yogurt)
• Has reliable telephone access
• Is between ages of 18-65 years
• Agree to refrain from eating yogurts, yogurt drinks, and other foods specified in the provided list
• Agree to collect stool samples and participate in follow-up calls as specified

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diabetes or asthma that requires medication
• Allergy to strawberry
• Active diarrhea (three or more loose stools per day for two consecutive days)
• Any gastrointestinal (or digestive tract) medications, i.e. medicines for irritable bowel syndrome, gastroesophageal (acid) reflux disease, inflammatory bowel disease, etc.
• History of heart disease, including valvulopathies or cardiac surgery, any implantable device or prosthetic
• History of gastrointestinal surgery or disease
• Lactose intolerance that prevents participant from eating yogurt
• Allergy to milk-protein
• Allergy to any component of the product or the yogurt vehicle
• Allergy to penicillin or cephalosporin class antibiotics
• Allergy to any of the following medications: a) Penicillin; b) Erythromycin; c) Tetracycline; d) Trimethoprim; e) Ciprofloxacin
• Women who are breastfeeding, pregnant, or planning to become pregnant during the study
• Was a participant in the "YOBIOTIC" study

From baseline, through the 30-day run-in, and 30 days on-study (total 2 months)