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The objective of the study is to detect the state of clinical and instrumental factors related in fighter pilots with non-specific mechanical neck pain.
A prevalence study (descriptive, observational, cross-sectional) was carried out, in which clinimetric variables (range of active cervical movement, motor control and electrical activity), perceived pain (using NSMNP and algometry) and disability were evaluated. The sample (n = 18) is divided into instructors (n = 7) and students (n = 11). The objective of this study is to characterize descriptively at the sociodemographic level and to know the state of health in relation to clinimetric variables of the fighter pilots of the Talavera la Real air base (Badajoz) to determine the risk of developing an neck injury.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Instructors group | Group of flight instructors at the reactor school. | ||
| Students group | Group of students at the reactor school. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Range of movement | For the evaluation of cervical ROM, we will use a conventional two-branch goniometer, from the EnrafNonius® brand. Subjects will be placed in a sitting position on a stool, with a neutral neck and head position. The range of active cervical mobility presented by the patients was measured in reference to the three planes of the space. In the sagittal plane, the degrees of mobility to flexion and extension were measured, in the frontal plane the right and left inclinations, and in the transverse plane both rotations. | 1 week |
| Disability | The degree of cervical disability involvement was measured through the Neck Disability Index (NDI), translated into Spanish, presenting optimum reliability and internal validity. It consists of 10 sections, 4 of them are related to subjective symptoms and the other 6 are related to basic activities of daily life. Each of the sections presents 6 possible responses, scoring these from 0 to 5 according to progression of functional disability. Scores less than 5 points indicate non-disability, between 5-14 points indicates mild disability, values between 30-48 points moderate disability, between 50-64 points severe disability and those that exceed 70 points represent complete disability. | 1 week |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pressure pain thresholds | A mechanical pressure Fisher algometer (Force Dial model FDK 40) with a 1 cm² area contact head was used to measure the pressure pain threshold. The reliability of pressure algometry has been found to be high [intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.82-0.97)]. With the participant in supine, the pressure pain threshold of the the myofascial trigger point nº2 of the upper trapezius muscle according to Travell and Simons and the central trigger point of the sternocleidomastoid muscle was bilaterally evaluated. Also, in sitting position the pressure pain threshold of the myofascial trigger point of the scapula elevator muscle was bilaterally evaluated. The minimal clinically important difference (MCDI) is 1.2 Kg/cm2. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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The selection of the sample was made in the accessible population of the Talavera la Real Air Base (Badajoz).
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Carlos Fernández-Morales, PT, MSc | Universidad de Extremadura | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Universidad de Extremadura | Badajoz | 06006 | Spain |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10534586 | Background | Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM, Fisher LD. Comparative reliability and validity of chronic pain intensity measures. Pain. 1999 Nov;83(2):157-62. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00101-3. | |
| 18164333 | Background | Cleland JA, Childs JD, Whitman JM. Psychometric properties of the Neck Disability Index and Numeric Pain Rating Scale in patients with mechanical neck pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008 Jan;89(1):69-74. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.08.126. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019547 | Neck Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| 1 week |
| Surface electromyographic | The electromyography (EMG) signal of the upper trapezius muscle was recorded during 3 step contractions of shoulder elevation force (15%-30% maximal voluntary contraction). Se tomo el valor más alto de las tres contracciones. The signal of the sternocleidomastoid muscle was recorded during 3 billateraly step contractions of neck flexión and antepulsion neck force. Both contractions were performed in a combined and simultaneous movement, recreating the movement produced by the reaction forces in the takeoff and landing of the fighter jet. Both movements were made at 15%-30% maximal voluntary contraction, as used by Calamita et al on the same musculature in subjects with nonspecific neck pain. | 1 week |
| Kinesophobia | The Spanish version of the TSK-11 was used to measure fear of movement. Higher scores indicate greater fear-avoidance behaviors. The TSK-11 has demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and validity. | 1 week |
| Catastrophic pain | The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is a self-administered scale of 13 items and one of the most used to assess catastrophism of pain. The subjects take their past painful experiences as a reference and indicate the degree to which they experienced each of the 13 thoughts or feelings on a 5-point Líkert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (always). The theoretical range of the instrument is between 13 and 62, indicating low scores, little catastrophism, and high values, high catastrophism. | 1 week |
| 18075402 | Background | Chesterton LS, Sim J, Wright CC, Foster NE. Interrater reliability of algometry in measuring pressure pain thresholds in healthy humans, using multiple raters. Clin J Pain. 2007 Nov-Dec;23(9):760-6. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318154b6ae. |
| 23729957 | Background | Hapidou EG, O'Brien MA, Pierrynowski MR, de Las Heras E, Patel M, Patla T. Fear and Avoidance of Movement in People with Chronic Pain: Psychometric Properties of the 11-Item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-11). Physiother Can. 2012 Summer;64(3):235-41. doi: 10.3138/ptc.2011-10. |
| 20926355 | Background | Gomez-Perez L, Lopez-Martinez AE, Ruiz-Parraga GT. Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK). J Pain. 2011 Apr;12(4):425-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.08.004. |
| 29549891 | Background | Calamita SAP, Biasotto-Gonzalez DA, De Melo NC, Fumagalli MA, Amorim CF, de Paula Gomes CAF, Politti F. Immediate Effect of Acupuncture on Electromyographic Activity of the Upper Trapezius Muscle and Pain in Patients With Nonspecific Neck Pain: A Randomized, Single-Blinded, Sham-Controlled, Crossover Study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2018 Mar-Apr;41(3):208-217. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2017.09.006. |
| Background | Sullivan MJ, Bishop SR, Pivik J. The pain catastrophizing scale: development and validation. Psychol Assess. 1995;7(4):524. |
| 1834753 | Background | Vernon H, Mior S. The Neck Disability Index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991 Sep;14(7):409-15. |
| Background | Peterson-Kendall F, Kendall-McCreary E, Geise-Provance P, McIntyre-Rodgers M, Romani W. Muscles testing and function with posture and pain. US Lippincott Williams Wilkins Ltd. 2005;49-118. |
| 19521015 | Background | MacDermid JC, Walton DM, Avery S, Blanchard A, Etruw E, McAlpine C, Goldsmith CH. Measurement properties of the neck disability index: a systematic review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009 May;39(5):400-17. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2009.2930. |
| 18400084 | Background | Kovacs FM, Bago J, Royuela A, Seco J, Gimenez S, Muriel A, Abraira V, Martin JL, Pena JL, Gestoso M, Mufraggi N, Nunez M, Corcoll J, Gomez-Ochoa I, Ramirez MJ, Calvo E, Castillo MD, Marti D, Fuster S, Fernandez C, Gimeno N, Carballo A, Milan A, Vazquez D, Canellas M, Blanco R, Brieva P, Rueda MT, Alvarez L, Del Real MT, Ayerbe J, Gonzalez L, Ginel L, Ortega M, Bernal M, Bolado G, Vidal A, Ausin A, Ramon D, Mir MA, Tomas M, Zamora J, Cano A. Psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of instruments to measure neck pain disability. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008 Apr 9;9:42. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-9-42. |
| 2009044 | Background | Revel M, Andre-Deshays C, Minguet M. Cervicocephalic kinesthetic sensibility in patients with cervical pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991 Apr;72(5):288-91. |