Neuraxial blockade such as spinal anaesthesia can cause severe hypotension due to pharmacological sympathectomy resulting in potential deleterious consequences for the patient. Prevention of this spinal anaesthesia induced hypotension is of utmost importance. Techniques currently in use for preventing hypotension include intravenous fluid prehydration, sympathomimetic drugs, and physical methods such as leg bindings and compression stockings. Midodrine is a direct acting α1-adrenoceptor agonist which causes venous and arterial vasoconstriction through stimulation of α1- receptors located in the vasculature. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of prophylactic midodrine use with preoperative fluid hydration before spinal anesthesia in the prevention of hypotension in patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. We hypothesize that intraoperative hypotension would be less in patients given midodrine and intravenous fluid prehydration preoperatively before spinal anesthesia.

Neuraxial blockade such as spinal anaesthesia can cause severe hypotension due to pharmacological sympathectomy resulting in potential deleterious consequences for the patient. Prevention of this spinal anaesthesia induced hypotension is of utmost importance. Several techniques and methodologies have been adopted for the prevention of this neuraxial hypotension with varying degree of success. Techniques currently in use for preventing hypotension include intravenous fluid prehydration, sympathomimetic drugs, and physical methods such as leg bindings and compression stockings. Midodrine is a direct acting α1-adrenoceptor agonist which causes venous and arterial vasoconstriction through stimulation of α1- receptors located in the vasculature. The net result is an increase in vascular tone and systolic blood pressure. Cardiac β-receptors are unaffected and there is no significant blood brain barrier penetration. We hypothesize that intraoperative hypotension would be less in patients given midodrine and intravenous fluid prehydration preoperatively before spinal anesthesia. The study will include 80 patients who will be scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery on the lower extremities undergoing spinal anesthesia. It will be conducted in Mansoura University Hospital after getting approval from Institutional Review Board (IRB), Faculty of medicine, Mansoura University. Informed written consents will be obtained from all subjects in the study after ensuring confidentiality. Patients will be randomly allocated using computer generated random numbers to either treatment with midodrine (group M) or control (group C) using the sealed opaque envelope technique. Patients in group M will receive oral 10 mg tablet of midodrine with small sips of water one hour before arrival in the operation room while patients in group C will receive inert tablet containing sugar (placebo) at the same time. All patients will be monitored in with noninvasive blood pressure as well ascontinuous electrocardiogram (ECG) and pulse oximetry (SpO2). Before placement of spinal anesthesia, all patients will receive an IV bolus of 10mL/kg of Lactated Ringer's. Spinal anesthesia (midline puncture) will be performed in sitting position by a staff anesthetist at L3-L4 or L4-L5 with a 25-gauge Withacre needle injecting 12.5 mg of hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine (2.5 mL) with 10μg fentanyl. After injection,the patients will be turned supine. The baseline arterial blood pressure (mean) will be calculated as the average of 3 consecutive measurements before placement of the SA every 15 min after taking midodrine and every 5 min for 30 min after spinal anesthesia. Any vasovagal syncopes will be recorded. After placement of the SA, the patient's heart rate will be obtained every five minutes for 30 minutes and thereafter, in accordance with standard clinical practice, every 5 minutes until the end of surgery. The dermatome level of the sensory block using loss of pinprick will be checked every 5 minutes for 20minutes. The modified Bromage scale (0 = no motor block, 1 = straight leg hip flexion blocked, 2 = knee flexion blocked, 3 = complete motor block) will be used to quantify the degree of motor block at 20 minutes. Reqirements of ephedrine and atropine and fluide intake will be recorded. time to onset of the first hypotension, the proportion of patients without hypotension, and the number of bradycardic episodes per patient will also be recorded. Perioperative copmlications such as reactive hypertension, nausea, vomiting, hypothermia, shivering and postdural puncture headache will be recorded. An investigator who is blind to type of intervention wil be responsible for collection of data.

Inclusion Criteria:

• • American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status: 1 or 2 .

  • Orthopedic surgery on the lower extremities

Exclusion Criteria:

• • Pheochromocytoma. .Throtoxicosis. .Structural heart disease.

  • Baseline blood pressure more than 140/90 .Acute kidney failure.
  • Any contraindications to spinal anesthesia such as local infection and coagulopathy

The study subjects and the resident assessing the outcomes will be blinded to the study group. A single investigator will assess the patients for eligibility, obtain written informed consent, open the sealed opaque envelopes containing group allocation and administer oral tablet.