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Due to recruitment delays in the Covid-19 pandemic, alongside the need to submit the doctoral thesis this study was conducted for in a limited time frame, recruitment was halted prematurely (note that our recruitment aim was up to 13 participants).
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust | OTHER |
| Uppsala University | OTHER |
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This research study is designed to investigate the use of a simple cognitive task for decreasing the number of intrusive memories of traumatic events experienced by refugees and asylum seekers with a diagnosis of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) currently living in the UK. The intervention includes a memory reminder cue, a 10-minute time gap and then around 20 minutes playing the mobile phone game Tetris, using mental rotation instructions. The study will have a multiple baseline case-series design (AB), with a randomised duration of baseline length up to three weeks. Thus, participants will complete a no-intervention phase of up to three weeks, followed by an intervention phase. Please see the intervention section for more details about the intervention sessions. Follow ups are conducted after each week to monitor the frequency of intrusive memories of trauma in a pen-and-paper diary. It is predicted that participants will report fewer intrusive memories after receiving the intervention than in the preceding baseline phase.
The study is being conducted at a specialist National Health Service (NHS) mental health service for refugees, asylum seekers and forced migrants suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We aim to recruit up to 13 participants from this service to take part in the study, which is an extension of a pilot study previously conducted. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, guidance from the trust R&D and NHS service manager states that face-to-face appointments should not currently take place at the NHS clinical recruitment site. Therefore, until this guidance changes, the research will take place remotely via video calls.
The study will have a multiple baseline case-series design (AB), with a randomised duration of baseline length up to three weeks. At the start of the baseline phase, participants will create, with the help of the researcher, a list of their most frequent and distressing intrusive memories of trauma. Each intrusive memory will be given a label (for example; a letter, colour or symbol) so that the frequency of each intrusive memory can be monitored in a pen and paper diary. The frequency of specific intrusive memories the person experiences after they have received the intervention will be compared with the frequency of specific intrusive memories they had during the baseline phase. For each specific intrusion the period prior to that intrusion being targeted in an intervention session will be the baseline phase (A); therefore, the baseline phase will include the minimum baseline duration (lasting up to three weeks) plus the additional weeks in which the specific intrusion remained untargeted by the intervention. The post intervention phase (B) will be the time after the specific intrusion was targeted. Some intrusive memories on the list may not be targeted by the intervention but will be monitored (through the intrusion diary) throughout the duration of the study for comparison.
This study is a follow-up to a study conducted in Sweden with refugees. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03760601
Our study is extending previous research to refugees and asylum seekers with a diagnosis of PTSD, accessing a secondary care mental health service and living in the United Kingdom (UK).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline phase, followed by intervention phase | Experimental | Within the baseline phase, measurements of the primary outcome measure (frequency of intrusive memories of trauma) will be collected in a pen-and-paper diary for up to three weeks (dependent on baseline length). Individual baseline phases will be used as control periods. In the intervention phase the participant will be offered around five intervention sessions with a researcher. Each session the participant will choose which intrusive memory they would like to focus on and the cognitive task will be completed. The intervention includes a memory reminder cue, a 10-minute time gap and then around 20 minutes playing the mobile phone game Tetris, using mental rotation instructions. Participants will be given instructions to continue to use the technique self-guided in the subsequent week. Measurements of the primary outcome measure (frequency of intrusive memories of trauma) will be collected in a pen-and-paper diary. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brief cognitive intervention | Behavioral | See the information provided in the experimental arm description. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency of intrusive memories | Number of intrusive memories of traumatic events recorded by participants in a daily pen and and paper diary. | Baseline weeks 1-3, throughout the duration of the intervention phase (approximately 5 weeks), post-intervention weeks 1-2 and for 1 week 2 months post-intervention. Change is assessed from baseline to post-intervention. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Concentration | A brief bespoke measure of concentration adapted from that used previously with refugees (Holmes et al., 2017). It has three questions about disruption to concentration from intrusive memories. A higher score on each question means a worse outcome. | Baseline, 2-weeks post-intervention and 2-months post-intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Self-Guided Intervention Adherence Questionnaire | A bespoke measure to assess adherence to self-guided practice of the intervention. It includes four questions to assess how often, and for how long, the person played Tetris after experiencing intrusive memories during the previous week. | Time Frame: Intervention sessions 2-5, 1 week post-intervention, 2 weeks post-intervention and 2 months post-intervention. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Emily Greenfield | University of Surrey | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Woodfield Trauma Service | London | W9 2NW | United Kingdom |
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Multiple baseline case-series design (AB), with a randomised duration of baseline length.
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| Social and Occupational Activity Tally (SOAT) |
Developed by Woodfield Trauma Service. The measure asks how many hours the person has spent doing various activities in the past two weeks (for example, domestic chores, exercise, cultural activities). A higher score means a better outcome. |
| Baseline, 2-weeks post-intervention and 2-months post-intervention |
| Dissociation | Four items from the Dissociative Experiences Scale II - items two, three, 14 and 20 (DES II; Carlson, & Putnam, 1993). Each item asks how often (from 0% to 100% of the time) the dissociative experience described happens to the individual. A higher score on each question means a worse outcome. | Baseline, 2-weeks post-intervention and 2-months post-intervention |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) (PCL-5) | The PCL-5 (Weathers, Litz, Keane, Palmieri, Marx, & Schnurr, 2013) is a 20-item self-report measure that assesses the 20 DSM-5 symptoms of PTSD. Total scores can range from 0 to 80, with higher scores meaning a worse outcome. | Baseline and 2-weeks post-intervention |
| Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) | The PHQ-9 (Kroenke, Spitzer & Williams, 2001) is a nine-item self-report measure that assesses the nine DSM-IV symptoms of depression. Total scores can range from 0 to 27, with higher scores meaning a worse outcome. | Baseline and 2-weeks post-intervention |
| World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHO DAS 2.0) 12 item version | The WHO DAS 2.0 (World Health Organisation, 2010) is a measure of health and disability. Total scores can range from 0 to 48, with higher scores meaning a worse outcome. | Baseline and 2-weeks post-intervention |
| Feedback Questionnaire | A bespoke questionnaire to gain feedback on the intervention. It includes 16 questions to assess acceptability and usefulness of the intervention with a variety of response options including yes/no, visual analogue scales and open responses. | 1-week post-intervention. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013313 | Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic |
| D040921 | Stress Disorders, Traumatic |
| D000067073 | Psychological Trauma |
| D000068099 | Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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