In this study it is aimed to investigate the difference between the brain response to different urban environments in Singapore before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The datasets acquired from 34 healthy individuals as part of ongoing study "Effects of Landscape on the Brain" (IRB Ref #: S-18-352) will be used. These datasets consist of neurophysiological data recordings and behavioral self-reported measures and were collected before 20 of January 2020. The same experimental protocol would be followed, given that the data collection in the lab-setting would start after 7 th May 2020/whenever research activities are allowed to resume, and the outdoor sessions after the "circuit-breaker" period in Singapore is over.

The aim is to explore the difference between pre and post COVID-19-related isolation on their perception of green and public spaces, as well as mood, neuroelectrical (EEG) and haemodynamic (fNIRS) response.

The hypothesi is that crowded, busy public spaces, such as experimental site near Chinatown MRT, may induce more patterns of brain activity related to stress, anxiety and aversive attitudes after COVID-19 as compared to before. Similarily, it is expected that green urban spaces, such as experimental site at Hortpark, perceived after COVID-19 can elicit more salutogenic effect of relaxation, positive emotions and attention restoration than before the pandemic.

This study will allow better understanding of the mental health consequences of unprecedented period of isolation at home and social distancing. The relationship between city residents and their living environment may change due to COVID-19 and it's very important to uncover the mental health implications of social distancing to prepare for potential future outbreaks through developing tools and solutions addressing specific issues. Finally, for the urban planning and design the study may highlight important trends in changing human perception of space and redefine the concept of a "healthy city".

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age of 21 to 75
• Right-handed only

Exclusion Criteria:

• left-handed

• serious visual or auditory impairment

  • Major neurological disorders e.g. epilepsy, stroke
  • Any form of cancer
  • Major heart diseases: e.g. ischemic heart disease
  • Major lung diseases: e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder.
  • Major liver disease e.g. liver failure
  • Major kidney disease e.g. kidney failure

participants do not know the hypothesis of the study, other people cannot influence the brainwave reaction