The purpose of this research study is to learn more about how patterns of brain activity change during different thinking tasks and how these changes relate to the intensity and unpleasantness of the neuropathic pain that people with SCI experience.

Neuropathic pain is a kind of pain that is caused by a disruption of the nervous system. Neuropathic pain is common among people with spinal cord injury (SCI), is often severe, and can interfere significantly with daily life. Current treatments do not eliminate neuropathic pain for most individuals. Therefore, it is important to identify other strategies that enable people with SCI to exert more control over their pain.

The purpose of this research study is to examine patterns of brain activity in people with SCI while they perform different thinking tasks. This study will help researchers understand how patterns of brain activity change during these tasks and how these tasks affect pain severity and unpleasantness. The information we learn in this study will help us create new treatment options to help people with SCI to manage their chronic neuropathic pain.

The study will take place over 2 days, separated by 1-3 weeks or so, depending on scheduling of study activities. The study should take approximately 1 hour on the first day (for a telephone interview), and up to 7.5 hours on the second day (for a visit to Kessler for functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI).

In this study, participants will be asked to respond to a series of questions relating to their physical health, mental health, and pain history. The researchers may also review their medical records if needed to determine if it is safe for them to have an MRI. Those who qualify will visit Kessler and will be introduced to different thinking strategies that can be used to try to change the activity in the brain in areas that relate to the experience of pain. Participants will undergo 3 separate fMRI sessions. During the first session, the researchers will locate a pain-related region of the brain from which to gather information about brain activity. In the second and third sessions, the researchers will use fMRI to measure the activity in a pain-related region of the brain while the participant tries out different thinking strategies. While participants practice use of these strategies, they will be shown information about brain activity and will be asked to use this information as they try to become better at using the strategies. The researchers will also ask participants whether the experience of their pain (severity and unpleasantness) changed while they practiced these strategies.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18 or over
• Right-handed
• Complete or incomplete chronic (>1 year) SCI classified as having a neurological level of C4 or below
• Chronic (≥3 month history) at- or below-level neuropathic pain
• Neuropathic pain of moderate or greater intensity (average intensity over the last week of ≥4 on an 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), where 0 = "no pain" and 10 = "worst pain imaginable")
• Neuropathic pain that is constant (present 7 days/week, 24 hours/day)
• Using a stable pain treatment regimen (not actively in process of starting a new pain treatment or changing dosage of an existing treatment)
• Able to understand verbal and written English
• Able and willing to comply with the study protocol, including availability for scheduled study procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

• Current non-neuropathic pain of severe intensity (average intensity over the last week of ≥7 on an 11-point NRS, where 0 = "no pain" and 10 = "worst pain imaginable")
• SCI due to malignancy
• Cognitive impairment that could interfere with learning (Mini-Mental State Exam score of <24)
• Current sacral, coccyx, or heel pressure injury
• Claustrophobia or fear of confined spaces
• Presence of any non-MRI compatible material in the body such as pacemakers or other implanted electrical devices, brain stimulators, particular types of dental implants, aneurysm clips, metallic prostheses (including metal pins and rods, heart valves, and internal hearing aids [cochlear implants]), permanent eyeliner, implanted delivery pumps, or shrapnel fragments
• If female, currently pregnant
• Required use of non-MRI-compatible orthoses or devices (braces, ventilators, etc.)
• Current or past history of work as a welder or metal worker (because of possible small metal fragments in the eye of which they may be unaware)
• Inability to tolerate a supine position
• History (via self-report) of significant, uncontrollable spasticity while lying in supine position
• Progressive conditions that impact physical or cognitive functioning (metastatic cancer, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson Disease, Alzheimer's disease, etc.)
• History of traumatic brain injury
• Diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder such as post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
• History of substance abuse in the past six months
• Lack of intact sensation in the anterior shoulder (where stimuli will be applied during study procedures)
• Any other condition that would, in the opinion of the investigators, pose increased risk to the subject or affect the quality of data collected