This is a single-institution pilot feasibility trial in which 10 subjects will be enrolled. The primary objectives are is to explore the feasibility of delivering radiotherapy for malignant skin and superficial soft tissue tumors using DaRT (Alpha Tau Medical, Tel Aviv, Israel), a form of interstitial brachytherapy which uses a novel radioisotope delivery system, as well as to determine the frequency and severity of acute adverse events. Secondary objectives will include assessments of radiotherapy-related adverse events, tumor response, radiation safety, stability of device placement, and associations with quality of life.

Diffusing Alpha-emitter Radiation Therapy is a form of interstitial brachytherapy which may be effective in treating malignant skin and superficial soft tissue tumors for several reasons. First, alpha-emitting radionuclides have a high linear energy transfer (LET), which produces a dense track of ionization events within cells and DNA, which produce complex DNA damage and more effective cell kill than more sparsely ionizing forms of radiation, such as gamma-rays or x-rays. Second, alpha-emitting radionuclides exhibit a higher relative biologic effect (RBE) compared to gamma-rays or x-rays, due to the relative insensitivity to cancer cellular radiosensitivity associated with cell cycling. Finally, alpha-emitting radionuclides are relatively insensitive to hypoxia, which is common as malignant skin and superficial soft tissue tumors become larger (Hall 2000).

Alpha particles have been considered unsuitable for treatment of solid tumors, since no practical method to effectively irradiate a macroscopic tumor with these short-range particles (penetration range in human tissue of ≤0.1 mm) has been found.

The "Diffusing Alpha-emitter Radiation Therapy (DaRT)", based on the interstitial intratumoral placement of an encapsulated Radium-224 source (3.7 days half-life), is described in this study. These sources release short-lived alpha-emitting atoms into the tumor microenvironment by recoil. These atoms are dispersed in the immediate surrounding tumor microenvironment both by convection through tumor interstitial fluid and by thermal diffusion. The decay of Radium-224 in the capsule results in the release of the short-lived (half-life of about 1 minute) radioisotope Radon-220. Radon-220 migrates in the tumor microenvironment until it decays. This is followed by the decay of its daughter radioisotope, Polonium-216. Lead-212, the result of this last decay, gives rise to Bismuth-212, which emits yet another alpha particle. The result of these decay events is the release of alpha particles (Kelson 1994 and Kelson 1995). DaRT will be used in this study for the treatment of malignant skin and superficial soft tissue tumors.

This study has been designed to determine the feasibility of performing the procedure required to deliver radiotherapy to the tumor. At the same time, the safety of the treatment, tumor response, radiation safety, device placement stability, and patient reported quality of life, and molecular and histologic effects on the tumor will be assessed.

The DaRT sources will be inserted using preplanned radiotherapy parameters, with a specified number and size of DaRT sources. Approximately 2-3 weeks after placement of the DaRT sources, the placement of the sources will be reassessed by volumetric imaging, and then they will be removed. Tumor response to DaRT will be assessed periodically 3 months after removal of the device.

This is a single-institution pilot feasibility trial in which 10 subjects will be enrolled.

The primary objectives are is to explore the feasibility of delivering radiotherapy for malignant skin and superficial soft tissue tumors using DaRT (Alpha Tau Medical, Tel Aviv, Israel), a form of interstitial brachytherapy which uses a novel radioisotope delivery system, as well as to determine the frequency and severity of acute adverse events. Secondary objectives will include assessments of radiotherapy-related adverse events, tumor response, radiation safety, stability of device placement, and associations with quality of life.

• Malignant tumor of the skin or superficial soft tissue*, ≥10 mm and ≤50 mm in longest dimension, with minimum tumor thickness of 4 mm

• *Including, but after review by the Principal Investigator not limited to:

  • Primary malignant tumors of the skin such as keratinocytic carcinomas (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma), melanocytic tumors (melanoma), soft tissue tumors (cutaneous angiosarcoma or leiomyosarcoma), and neural tumors (Merkel cell carcinoma)
  • Primary malignant tumors of the superficial soft tissues such as adipocytic tumors (liposarcoma), smooth-muscle tumors (leiomyosarcoma), skeletal muscle tumors (rhabdomyosarcoma), vascular tumors (Kaposi sarcoma, angiosarcoma of soft tissue)
  • Secondary malignant tumors of the skin and superficial soft tissues such as metastases from breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, kidney cancer and others.

• Limited treatment options for the tumor, including:

  • Recurrent tumors that must have failed at least one standard therapy, which includes previous radiotherapy or surgery, OR

  • Tumors in patients with metastases who will not be rendered disease-free by tumor resection, OR

  • Tumors deemed inappropriate for resection by a surgeon for one of the following reasons:

    • Complete tumor resection unlikely because of tumor location or size;
    • Complete tumor resection deemed excessively morbid or deforming (e.g., requiring amputation of digit, lip, eyelid, ear);
    • Patient with medical comorbidity contraindicating surgery; or
    • Patent refusal due to anticipated morbidity

• Age >18 years

• Eastern cooperative oncology group performance status ≤3

• Life expectancy ≥12 weeks

• Platelet count ≥50,000/mm3

• International normalized ratio of prothrombin time ≤1.8

• Creatinine ≤1.9 mg/dL

Subject Exclusion Criteria

• Contraindication to radiotherapy for skin and superficial soft tissue tumor
• Radiotherapy to the malignant skin or soft tissue tumor planned for radiotherapy within last 6 months
• Prior radiotherapy to the malignant skin or soft tissue tumor planned for radiotherapy with doses > 60 Gy (equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions using α/β of 8.5)
• Anticoagulation or antiplatelet medical therapy
• High probability of non-compliance with scheduled assessments as demonstrated by prior inability to complete scheduled routine clinical assessments
• Pregnancy
• Women of childbearing potential unwilling or unable to use an acceptable contraceptive method to prevent pregnancy for 1 year after brachytherapy
• Men unwilling or unable to use an acceptable contraceptive method to prevent pregnancy for 1 year after brachytherapy
• Inability to read or understand English (as QoL questionnaires are only validated in English)
• Concurrent receipt of cancer therapy which has proven effective for the malignant skin or soft tissue tumor planned for radiotherapy