This study is a postmarketing requirement jointly carried out by four NDA holders (Bayer AG, Bracco, GE Healthcare and Guerbet) and the CRO IQVIA.

The study aims to create detailed images of the organs and tissue of the human body during x-ray, CT-scan or MRI investigations, doctors are using contrast media (a kind of dye) which can be given to patients by injection into a blood vessel or by mouth.

In this study researchers want to find out whether so called gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have an effect on body movement and mental skills when given to participants multiple times within 5 years.

The study plans to enroll about 2076 participants suffering from a condition for which they are likely to have at least annually a MRI or another imaging examinations. Only adults up to 65 years will be considered to join this study. During the study duration of 5 years participants will receive annually a MRI or other imaging tests (such as CT-scan, x-ray) and will visit the study doctor at least 7 times for physical examinations, laboratory investigations and tests on body movement and mental skills.

The primary objective of the study is to assess the potential effect of repeated exposure to either a linear or a macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) on change from baseline to Year 5 in composite measure of motor and cognitive function among neurologically normal adults in comparison to a matched non-GBCA- exposed control group.

The secondary objectives comprise the assessment of the following endpoints in GBCA-exposed participants as compared to controls a) changes from baseline in composite measure of motor and cognitive function post-baseline on yearly basis (Years 1 to 4); b) changes from baseline in each individual test of motor and cognitive function on yearly basis (Years 1 to 5). Total Gd concentrations in blood and urine samples on yearly basis (Years 1 to 5) and adverse events will be collected as secondary objectives.

Of note : The study is considered interventional because of the addition of UE-MRI scans for all participants, as well as blood sampling and the administration of the motor and cognitive tests. The GBCA administered as part of the contrast-enhanced MR imaging in the experimental arms is not the intervention in this study. Neither the protocol nor the investigators assign patients to a specific GBCA as part of the study, making this part of the study observational rather than interventional. The participants were already scheduled, prior to study screening, to undergo CE-MRI as part of their clinical care. The choice of GBCA for the CE-MRI will be based on medical need and institutional usage of GBCA, independent of study participation.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Participant must be neurologically normal, defined as free of unstable neurologic and psychiatric disease as confirmed by a normal neurologic examination at screening
• Participant (GBCA-exposed or controls) agrees to undergo unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging (UE-MRI) of the brain at enrollment and at the end of the observation period (5 years)
• Participants should have at least 1 of the following indications: a) Medium to high risk for breast cancer or dense breasts undergoing breast cancer screening with MRI, b) Elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and under active diagnostic surveillance for prostate cancer, c) Chronic liver disease (eg, liver cirrhosis limited to Child class A, post-hepatitis chronic hepatopathy, or primary sclerosing cholangitis) for surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma development, d) Low-grade colorectal cancer or neuroendocrine tumor undergoing screening for liver metastases or e) Branch-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas (maximum size ≤2 cm) undergoing imaging surveillance.

In addition, for participants in the GBCA Arms only:

• Each participant should be likely to undergo ≥5 GBCA-enhanced MR examinations with the same GBCA at least annually throughout the 5-year study duration
• Prospective participants with up to 3 well documented GBCA administrations prior to study screening are acceptable, provided that the imaging was performed with the same GBCA as the one to be prospectively used in the study. If the GBCA used cannot be identified, he/she cannot be enrolled.

For the Control Arm:

• Participants who never had and are not likely to receive any GBCA injection during the course of the study
• Each control participant must be willing to undergo UE-MRI of the brain at baseline and at Year 5. In Years 1 to 4, the control participants will undergo their clinically indicated UE-MRIs, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, or X-ray procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

• As evidenced by history or determined in the neurologic exam at screening, concurrent neurological and/or psychiatric disease (or treatments) that could influence the results of the study's motor and cognitive tests (e.g. Cerebrovascular disease, Multiple sclerosis, Neurodegenerative disease, Malignant disease other than listed in indications, Carcinoid tumors, Epilepsy, Prior neurosurgery, Psychotic disorders or any prior psychotic episode not otherwise specified - any documented prior history of chronic schizophrenia, Remittent or current medically confirmed major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder, History of long-term major depression or bipolar affective disorder with an active episode in the past 2 to 5 years, Neurodevelopmental disorders (eg, trisomy 21), Uncontrolled severe migraine, Uncontrolled or controlled anxiety or depression within 6 months before enrollment, Screening scores of ≤24 on the MMSE and/or ≥11 on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)).
• Prior, planned, or ongoing chemotherapy or brain irradiation
• Use of concomitant medication(s) affecting neuro-cognitive or motor function
• Substance or alcohol abuse as determined by the investigator
• Alcoholic cirrhosis
• Renal disease, defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
• History of environmental/occupational/other exposure to one or more chemicals that may affect cognitive and/or motor function, including, but not limited to, heavy metals (arsenic [As], cadmium [Cd], lead [Pb], manganese [Mn], and mercury [Hg]), pesticides, solvents, or carbon monoxide.
• Clinical indications requiring >1 contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) every 6 months
• Pregnant or nursing (lactating) women
• Presence of any metal-containing joint implants/prostheses

In addition, for participants in either of the GBCA Arms only:

- Receipt of a GBCA or generic prior to study entry other than the specific GBCA to be administered during the course of the study.

For participants in the Control Arm only:

• Participants with any previous exposure to a GBCA.
• Participants with any contraindication to UE-MRI examinations.