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In recent years, there has been significant interest in dietary flavonoids (biologically active plant-derived compounds) as potential therapeutics. This is due to the capacity of flavonoids to enhance processes related to energy metabolism and cardiovascular health. We are interested in implementing a short-term supplementation regime (daily cocoa-flavanoid ingestion), in order to explore the possible beneficial effects of flavonoid-based interventions on responses to exercise. Hence, the objective of our study is to examine the impact of short term cocoa-flavanoid supplementation on processes related to energy use (oxygen utilisation). Our aim is to develop a novel intervention which improves cardiovascular health and enhances exercise tolerance.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Placebo Comparator | Placebo supplement, each capsule containing: 0mg total flavanols, matched for caffeine and theobromine content as experimental supplement (2.9 mg caffeine and 22.5 mg theobromine) and microcrystalline cellulose volume filler. Participants consume 4x capsules daily (2AM & 2PM after mixed meal for 7 days. |
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| Cocoa Flavanols | Experimental | Experimental supplement, each capsule containing: 316 mg CocoActiv (Naturex, Netherlands: 100mg total cocoa flavanols, 2.9 mg caffeine and 22.5 mg theobromine) and microcrystalline cellulose volume filler. Participants consume 4x capsules daily (2AM & 2PM) for 7 days. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cocoa flavanols | Dietary Supplement | Flavonoid-rich cocoa powder, containing 100mg total flavanols per 316mg. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Oxygen uptake kinetics | Oxygen uptake kinetics (including time constant, time delay and amplitude of the fundamental oxygen uptake response) will be determined by modelling oxygen uptake during exercise using a mono exponential function. The oxygen uptake data is measured on a breath-by-breath basis during exercise (on a cycle ergometer) using a gas analysis system and face mask. Oxygen kinetics will be measured during three moderate-intensity step exercise tests (at 80% of the gas exchange threshold) and during one severe-intensity (60%∆) step exercise test that is completed to failure. | Over 3 week period (After 7 days of each intervention). Oxygen uptake measured for 9 minutes continuously during exercise bouts (3 min warm up period and 6 minutes of exercise transition) |
| Exercise tolerance | Participants capacity to exercise to the limit of tolerance, measured to the nearest second. Participants are instructed to exercise at a severe-intensity exercise load (representative of 60% ∆), on a cycle ergometer until volitional exhaustion. | Over 3 week period (After 7 days of each intervention). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Heart rate | Heart rate will be measured during moderate and severe-intensity exercise bouts, by short-range telemetry. | Over 3 week period (After 7 days of each intervention). Measured during the length of each exercise transition (9 minutes for each moderate intensity bout). |
| Blood pressure |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences | Liverpool | United Kingdom |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33970327 | Derived | Sadler DG, Draijer R, Stewart CE, Jones H, Marwood S, Thijssen DHJ. Cocoa-flavanols enhance moderate-intensity pulmonary V O 2 kinetics but not exercise tolerance in sedentary middle-aged adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021 Aug;121(8):2285-2294. doi: 10.1007/s00421-021-04682-9. Epub 2021 May 10. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D057185 | Sedentary Behavior |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| Placebo supplement | Dietary Supplement | Microcrystalline filler, containing 0mg total flavanols. |
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Systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be assessed following 10 min of seated rest using an automated sphygmomanometer |
| Over 3 week period (After 7 days of each intervention). Measured over 5 minutes before any exercise testing. |
| Blood lactate | A finger prick blood sample will be taken to measure blood lactate pre- and post-exercise of each transition using a hand-held automated blood lactate analyser | Over 3 week period (After 7 days of each intervention). Measured immediately before and after exercise |
| Physical activity and sedentary behaviour | Physical activity levels will be assessed in the 6 days prior to visiting the laboratory by an accelerometer, worn on the hip during waking hours. | Over 3 week period (In the 6 days preceding experimental testing) |
| Perceived workload | Perceived mental workload will be measured pre and post exercise using NASA Task Load Index and BORG rating of perceived exertion scale. | Over 3 week period (After 7 days of each intervention). Measured immediately before and after exercise |