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In this protocol, we seek to examine the role of popular messaging platform WhatsApp in information spread during a crisis. As there have been few global crises in the last decade (coinciding with the rise of social media), the role of private messaging platforms such as WhatsApp during crisis contexts remains understudied. During the current COVID-19 global health crisis, we undertook this study to: (1) characterize the nature of WhatsApp use during crises, (2) characterize the profiles of WhatsApp users (3) understand how WhatsApp usage links to well-being (fear and thoughts about COVID-19).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Community sample | We plan to recruit a representative sample of the Singapore population. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social media & news consumption | Behavioral | Daily reports of social media use and consumption, including reports on receiving and disseminating news articles related to the COVID-19 situation (e.g., how many messaging groups shared news on the outbreak, how many items related to the outbreak they forwarded to others, etc). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| WhatsApp usage | Participants were asked a series of questions daily related to their WhatsApp usage behaviors - in particular, their message-forwarding, personal chat and group chat behaviors. | 1 week, starting from date after baseline survey completion |
| Changes in fear with regards the COVID-19 situation across 1 week | 1 item each day on fear specifically of the COVID-19 situation (measured on a 4 point scale: min = 1, max = 4; higher scores indicating greater fear about the outbreak). | 1 week, starting from date after baseline survey completion |
| Changes in amount of thinking about the COVID-19 situation across 1 week | 1 item each day on how much they thought about the outbreak that day (measured on a 5 point scale: min = 1, max = 5; higher scores indicating more thinking about the outbreak). | 1 week, starting from date after initial survey completion |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Representative sample of the Singapore population
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Jean Liu, PhD | Yale-NUS College | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yale-NUS College | Singapore | 138527 | Singapore |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 34881720 | Derived | Tan EY, Wee RR, Saw YE, Heng KJ, Chin JW, Tong EM, Liu JC. Tracking Private WhatsApp Discourse About COVID-19 in Singapore: Longitudinal Infodemiology Study. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Dec 23;23(12):e34218. doi: 10.2196/34218. |
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Due to stipulations by the Institutional Review Board, data cannot be shared.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D018352 | Coronavirus Infections |
| D003863 | Depression |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D003142 | Communication |
| D000086382 | COVID-19 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003333 | Coronaviridae Infections |
| D030341 | Nidovirales Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
| D014777 | Virus Diseases |
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|
| D007239 |
| Infections |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D011024 | Pneumonia, Viral |
| D011014 | Pneumonia |
| D012141 | Respiratory Tract Infections |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |