Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid on Blood Loss During Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy.

Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid on Blood Loss During Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy. a Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Randomized Clinical Trial.

Efficacy of tranexamic acid on blood loss during percutaneous nephrolithotomy. a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.

To evaluate whether intravenous tranexamic acid or tranexamic acid in the irrigation fluid in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in reducing bleeding during and after PCNL.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patient 18 years or older
• Stones ≥ 2 cm and/or mild to moderate hydronephrosis.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age <18 years or Pregnancy
• Bilateral simultaneous PCNL
• Morbid obesity (BMI >40)
• Refuse to complete study requirements
• Untreated UTI
• Atypical bowel interposition by CT
• Tumour in the presumptive access tract area or Potential malignant kidney tumour