Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The cohort study investigates the effect of different dietary intake among omnivorous, vegan, vegetarian and low-carb diets on health parameters and on long-term overall health. The participants blood parameters, dietary intake, gut microbiota composition, body mass and composition, resting energy expenditure, lifestyle factors and psychological factors will be determined and measured.
Vegetarian and vegan diets have been shown to have health benefits on preventing cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and cancer. They are both gaining popularity in public. Ketogenic diet has also been very popular, especially due to its effect on weight loss and blood glucose parameters. To our knowledge there, are no studies that compare long-term effects of all three diets and omnivorous diets with regards to health parameters and gut microbiota composition.
The aim of the proposed study is to investigate the link between different diets and health parameters, such as parameters related to longevity, inflammation, stress and gut microbiota composition. The study is designed to compare different diets and their relationship with the body as a whole.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| omnivors | Participants who habitually consume all food groups in their diet. |
| |
| vegetarian | Participants who habitually avoid meat in their diet. |
| |
| vegan | Participants who habitually avoid all animal source food in their diet. |
| |
| low-carbohydrate high-fat diet | Participants who habitually avoid carbohydrate in their diet. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regular lifestyle in different circumstances | Behavioral | Participants' lifestyle will be followed over the years. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in systemic inflammation | CRP [mg/L] will be measured as a marker of inflammation. | Change from baseline at 5 years. |
| Changes in serum total antioxidative capacity | Total antioxidative capacity of serum will be measured with Photochem instrument and expressed as nanomole equivalents of ascorbic acid per microliter of serum. | Change from baseline at 5 years. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in macronutrient intake | Macronutrient intake will be measured with validated FFQ and 3-day food diary and analysed with softwares OPEN and Prodi. Macronutrient intake will be expressed as part of daily energy intake. | Change from baseline at 5 years. |
| Changes in micronutrient intake |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Healthy individuals with stable body mass with specific eating patterns: omnivores, vegetarians, vegan, low carb high fat.
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Zala Jenko Pražnikar, PhD | University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences | Principal Investigator |
| Nina Mohorko, PhD | University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences | Izola | SI-6310 | Slovenia |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31311141 | Background | Paoli A, Mancin L, Bianco A, Thomas E, Mota JF, Piccini F. Ketogenic Diet and Microbiota: Friends or Enemies? Genes (Basel). 2019 Jul 15;10(7):534. doi: 10.3390/genes10070534. | |
| 31705483 | Background | Rocha JP, Laster J, Parag B, Shah NU. Multiple Health Benefits and Minimal Risks Associated with Vegetarian Diets. Curr Nutr Rep. 2019 Dec;8(4):374-381. doi: 10.1007/s13668-019-00298-w. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007249 | Inflammation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Whole blood and stool samples
Micronutrient intake will be measured with validated FFQ and 3-day food diary and analysed with softwares OPEN and Prodi. Micronutrient intake will be expressed as mg per day. |
| Change from baseline at 5 years. |
| Changes in gut microbiota composition | Microbial composition of stool will be determined with microbial DNA isolation and identification. | Change from baseline at 5 years. |
| Changes in body composition | Fat free body mass will be measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis and expressed in kg. | Change from baseline at 5 years. |
| Changes in resting metabolic rate | Resting metabolic rate will be determined with indirect calorimeter and expressed in kJ/day. | Change from baseline at 5 years. |
| Changes in lifestyle factors | Will be assessed with a questionnaire. | Change from baseline at 5 years. |
| Changes in anxiety | Will be assessed by state-trait anxiety inventory. The STAIX-1 contains 20 items, which are scored on a 4-pointscale with subscale scores ranging from 20 to 80, with higherscores indicating higher anxiety. | Change from baseline at 5 years. |
| Changes in body satisfaction | Will be assessed by the body dissatisfaction subscale from the Eating Disorders Inventory-2. Responses will be rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 0 (never) to 4 (always). | Change from baseline at 5 years. |
| Changes in grip strength | Will be measured with a hand dynamometer. | Change from baseline at 5 years. |
| Changes in autophagy | Autophagy will be measured by autophagy-related mRNA gene expression evaluation. | Change from baseline at 5 years. |
| 32098430 | Background | Sakkas H, Bozidis P, Touzios C, Kolios D, Athanasiou G, Athanasopoulou E, Gerou I, Gartzonika C. Nutritional Status and the Influence of the Vegan Diet on the Gut Microbiota and Human Health. Medicina (Kaunas). 2020 Feb 22;56(2):88. doi: 10.3390/medicina56020088. |
| 27299701 | Background | Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Chiuve SE, Borgi L, Willett WC, Manson JE, Sun Q, Hu FB. Plant-Based Dietary Patterns and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women: Results from Three Prospective Cohort Studies. PLoS Med. 2016 Jun 14;13(6):e1002039. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002039. eCollection 2016 Jun. |
| 31445313 | Background | Kenig S, Petelin A, Poklar Vatovec T, Mohorko N, Jenko-Praznikar Z. Assessment of micronutrients in a 12-wk ketogenic diet in obese adults. Nutrition. 2019 Nov-Dec;67-68:110522. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.06.003. Epub 2019 Jun 14. |
| 25821801 | Background | Mohorko N, Petelin A, Jurdana M, Biolo G, Jenko-Praznikar Z. Elevated serum levels of cysteine and tyrosine: early biomarkers in asymptomatic adults at increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:418681. doi: 10.1155/2015/418681. Epub 2015 Mar 4. |
| 25677829 | Background | Mohorko N, Jenko-Praznika Z, Petelin A. Leucine and lysine intakes are highly associated with serum adiponectin levels in asymptomatic adults. Minerva Endocrinol. 2016 Sep;41(3):302-13. Epub 2015 Feb 13. |
| 28810361 | Background | Cernelic-Bizjak M, Jenko-Praznikar Z. Body dissatisfaction predicts inflammatory status in asymptomatic healthy individuals. J Health Psychol. 2018 Jan;23(1):25-35. doi: 10.1177/1359105316672923. Epub 2016 Oct 19. |
| 24103359 | Background | Bizjak M, Jenko-Praznikar Z, Korousic Seljak B. Development and validation of an electronic FFQ to assess food intake in the Slovene population. Public Health Nutr. 2014 Aug;17(8):1729-37. doi: 10.1017/S1368980013002577. Epub 2013 Oct 8. |
| 23414908 | Background | Jenko-Praznikar Z, Petelin A, Jurdana M, Ziberna L. Serum bilirubin levels are lower in overweight asymptomatic middle-aged adults: an early indicator of metabolic syndrome? Metabolism. 2013 Jul;62(7):976-85. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.01.011. Epub 2013 Feb 13. |
| 37125046 | Derived | Bogataj Jontez N, Kenig S, Sik Novak K, Petelin A, Jenko Praznikar Z, Mohorko N. Habitual low carbohydrate high fat diet compared with omnivorous, vegan, and vegetarian diets. Front Nutr. 2023 Apr 13;10:1106153. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1106153. eCollection 2023. |
| 35713539 | Derived | Sik Novak K, Bogataj Jontez N, Kenig S, Hladnik M, Baruca Arbeiter A, Bandelj D, Cernelic Bizjak M, Petelin A, Mohorko N, Jenko Praznikar Z. The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on mental health, gut microbiota composition and serum cortisol levels. Stress. 2022 Jan;25(1):246-257. doi: 10.1080/10253890.2022.2082280. |