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Background: Long-term outcomes in adults with prior arterial switch operation (ASO) have not yet been well defined. The aim of this study is to elucidate incidence and predictors of adverse cardiac outcomes in a prospectively followed cohort of adults after their ASO.
Methods: The comprehensive long-term follow up of adults with ASO is a project within the European collaboration for prospective outcome research in congenital heart disease (EPOCH). It is designed as a prospective, international multicenter cohort study. Consecutive patients (aged 16 years or more) with prior ASO will be included at 11 European tertiary care centers. Participants will be followed according to a standardized protocol following international recommendations, including standardized protocols for imaging and for exercise testing. Main outcome measures are all-cause and cardiac-related mortality, rate of cardiac re-intervention, neo-aortic dissection, myocardial infarction, stroke, infective endocarditis, sustained atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, new-onset or worsening pulmonary hypertension and new-onset heart failure. Secondary endpoints are frequency and progression of right ventricular outflow tract stenosis, neo-aortic root dilatation, neo-aortic valve regurgitation and ventricular dysfunction. The impact of demographic, anatomic (e.g. coronary artery anatomy) and functional variables on the above-mentioned outcomes, as well as quality of life and incidence of pregnancy related complications will also be assessed.
Aim: The prospective, international, multicenter EPOCH-ASO study will provide a better understanding of adverse outcomes and their predictors in adults after ASO. The results of the EPOCH-ASO study may help to optimize future care of this novel patient cohort in adult cardiology.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arterial Switch Operation - Transposition of Great Arteries | Patients with previous arterial switch operation for the treatment of a transposition of great arteries will constitute the sole group of the cohort. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No intervention is planed | Other | No intervention is planed |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Incidence of all-cause mortality | Determination of cause of death | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence of cardiac-related mortality | Sudden cardiac death (death that ensues unexpected within one hour of onset of symptoms), death related to acute myocardial infarction, death that is primarily caused by heart failure or death within 30 days or during the hospital admission after a cardiac intervention. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence/rate of re-intervention | Includes all types of cardiac re-intervention with detailed analysis of the indication of re-intervention. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence/rate of neo-aortic dissection | Aortic dissection with entry within the neo-aortic root. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence of myocardial infarction | Defined according to the Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Defined according to the Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence of arrhythmias | Atrial arrhythmias with a duration of >30 seconds, or requiring anti-arrhythmic medication or ablation procedures and / or sustained ventricular tachycardia (heart rate >100/min) for at least 30 seconds or requiring electrical cardioversion / defibrillation. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Rate of right ventricular outflow tract stenosis | At least 1 of the following criteria:
|
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Adults (≥16 years) with transposition of great arteries or a Taussig-Bing anomaly who underwent repair by an ASO, and who are actively followed at one of the participating centers will be enrolled. Exclusion criteria are incapability of giving informed consent and previous heart transplant.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Matthias Greutmann, MD | University of Zurich | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University Hospital Vienna | Vienna | Austria | ||||
| CHU Paris IdF Ouest - HEGP Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40701798 | Derived | Ruperti-Repilado FJ, Ladron R, Lopez-Ayala P, Gabra B, Gonzalez-Fernandez V, Engele LJ, Manso B, Bouma BJ, Gabriel H, Schwitz F, Possner M, Schwerzmann M, Rueda J, Buendia-Fuentes F, Bouchardy J, Ladouceur M, Dos-Subira L, Greutmann M, Tobler D, Gallego P. Aortic coarctation and long-term morbidity after arterial switch operation: a multicentre international cohort study. Heart. 2026 Mar 25;112(8):437-445. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2024-325634. |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Aug 24, 2019 | Apr 2, 2020 | Prot_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014188 | Transposition of Great Vessels |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006330 | Heart Defects, Congenital |
| D018376 | Cardiovascular Abnormalities |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D006331 | Heart Diseases |
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| Incidence of new onset / worsening heart failure |
Hospital admission for heart failure or initiation of heart failure medication for symptoms of heart failure (excludes initiation of medication for asymptomatic deterioration of ventricular function), according to the current guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology. |
| during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence of stroke | Focal neurological symptoms and confirmation of cerebral ischemia or infarction by cerebral magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence of infective endocarditis | Defined according to the modified Duke's criteria, according to the current ESC guidelines. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence of pulmonary hypertension | Defined as an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAPm) ≥20 mmHg at rest as assessed by right heart catheterization. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Rate of the different patterns of the coronary anatomy | To study the impact of coronary artery anatomy and type of coronary reimplantation on cardiovascular morbidity, ventricular function and functional capacity with a specific focus on presence of coronary artery obstruction, acute proximal angulation and inter-arterial or intramural course. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence/rate of neo-aortic root dilatation | Increase of neo-aortic root dilatation of at least 3mm, determined with the same imaging modality and appropriate side-by-side comparison of actual images. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence of progression of neo-aortic root dilatation | Increase of neo-aortic root dilatation of at least 3mm, determined with the same imaging modality and appropriate side-by-side comparison of actual images. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence/rate of neo-aortic regurgitation | Assessment by echocardiography: - Mild, moderate, severe (50) Assessment by CMR - Regurgitation fraction and volume by flow measurements in proximal aortic root. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence of progression of neo-aortic regurgitation | Increase > 1 grade (echocardiography) Increase of regurgitant fraction >10% on CMR. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence/rate of left ventricular systolic dysfunction | Echocardiography: - Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) biplane Simpson <52% for men and <54% for women (33) CMR: - LVEF < 52% | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence/rate of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction | Echocardiography: - Defined according to the current recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by the America society of echocardiography and the European association of cardiovascular Imaging. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence of worsening left ventricular function | Decrease of LVEF >5% | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence/rate of Right ventricular dysfunction | Echocardiography: - At least 2 of the following
CMR: - RVEF < 50% | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence of worsening right ventricular function | Echocardiography (not valid in case of worsening tricuspid regurgitation) - At least 2 of the following:
CMR: - Decrease in RVEF >5% | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Rate of poor functional capacity | As determined by cardiopulmonary exercise testing by measuring Lung Function (flow volume loops), oxygen consumption during exercise (VO2 max), anaerobic threshold, heart performance during exercise (O2-Heart rate) | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Incidence of pregnancy | To study the impact of pregnancy on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. | during a follow up of up to 20 years |
| Paris |
| France |
| Amsterdam University Medical Center | Amsterdam | Netherlands |
| Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron | Barcelona | Spain |
| Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio | Seville | Spain |
| Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe Valencia | Valencia | Spain |
| University Hospital Basel | Basel | Switzerland |
| University Hospital Inselspital Bern | Bern | Switzerland |
| University Hospital Geneva | Geneva | Switzerland |
| University Hospital Lausanne | Lausanne | Switzerland |
| University Hospital Zurich | Zurich | Switzerland |
| D000013 | Congenital Abnormalities |
| D009358 | Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities |