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The overall objective of this research study is to examine the effectiveness of the use of CGM vs. SMBG in persons with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes on glycemic variables and patient reported outcomes on treatment satisfaction, health behavior and wellbeing. The independent effect of peer-support will also be studied.
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing. Although medical treatment options have increased, still less than a third obtain their optimal glycemic goal. The use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in persons with type 1 diabetes has shown to be the most important driver for improvement in glycemic control-even more than insulin-pump therapy-but the use of technology in type 2 diabetes are not yet reimbursed and has been investigated in very few studies.
The study will be a single center, prospective, randomized, open-labelled, three-armed study with the randomization 2:1:2 in group A with CGM, group B with CGM and peer-support, group C as a control group with SMBG. The study will run for 12 months and will include 100 adult participants with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes, treated at the outpatient clinic at Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen. Recruitment will begin in August 2020 and end in May 2022. Final 12-month follow-up is anticipated to be in July 2023.
The study is investor-initiated. The primary investigator (Nanna Lind, PhD. Student) will be responsible for execution of this study under guidance by the sponsor Kirsten Nørgaard. Results will be published in international peer-reviewed journals.
Our study will provide evidence of the effectiveness of the use of CGM in the treatment for type 2 diabetes, potentially shaping clinical guidelines for SMBG frequency and timing as well as use of technology in type 2 diabetes with an impact on both healthcare and healthcare costs.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group A, CGM | Experimental | Addition of a calibration free real-time CGM in 12 months in persons with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin. The participants will participate in a training course that will include the influence of different food items and exercise on glucose levels, how to measure SMBG correctly. Furthermore, participants in group A (intervention) will, in similarity to the HCPs, receive a CGM-education and training session led by the study investigator and will be interactive and hands-on, using case studies. The training session will include spoken and written instructions on how to insert and wear the CGM device and how to interpret the CGM information to better understand the relation between participants blood glucose and their diabetes self-management. |
|
| Group B, CGM + peer-support | Experimental | Addition of a calibration free real-time CGM in 12 months in persons with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin plus 3 sessions of peer-support in groups of 6 participants. The participants will participate in a training course that will include the influence of different food items and exercise on glucose levels, how to measure SMBG correctly. Furthermore, participants in group B (intervention incl. peer-support) will, in similarity to group A, receive a CGM-education and training session. The training and CGM-course for participants in group B are similar to the course for group A with the addition of three peer-support sessions. The approach will be participatory and adaptable to allow flexibility in the content of the peer-support sessions and involving customized use of participatory methods i.e. dialogue tools and exercises. |
|
| Group C, SMBG | Active Comparator | Standard self-monitoring of blood glucose according to standard guidelines, in 12 months. The participants will participate in a training course that will include the influence of different food items and exercise on glucose levels, how to measure SMBG correctly. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CGM | Device | Using the CGM during the entire study period of 12 months. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Difference between change in TIR (3.9-10 mmol/l) in percent, assessed via blinded CGM device, between CGM group (A) and SMBG group (C) | Percent | from baseline to 12 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Difference between change in HbA1c between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | mmol/mol | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in mean sensor glucose concentration measured by 2 weeks blinded CGM between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Evaluating which blood glucose measured by SMBG best reflect TIR | (fasting, pre-prandial or postprandial) | from baseline to 12 months |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Nanna Lind, RN MSc | Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen | Gentofte Municipality | Capital Region | 2820 | Denmark |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33452188 | Derived | Lind N, Lindqvist Hansen D, Saetre Rasmussen S, Norgaard K. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring versus self-monitoring of blood glucose in adults with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a protocol for a randomised controlled single-centre trial. BMJ Open. 2021 Jan 15;11(1):e040648. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040648. |
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Study results, positive, negative and inconclusive findings, will be presented at national and international scientific meetings and published in at least three scientific papers in international scientific peer-reviewed journals and through the PhD thesis. After conclusion of the study, a final report will be generated and sent to the Regional Scientific Ethics Committee (RVK). The study protocol will furthermore be published at www.clinicaltrial.gov.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000095583 | Continuous Glucose Monitoring |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001774 | Blood Chemical Analysis |
| D019963 | Clinical Chemistry Tests |
| D019411 | Clinical Laboratory Techniques |
| D019937 | Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures |
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|
| training course | Behavioral | The participants in the three groups will attend a three-hour training course with different content depending on the group allocation. The aim of this training course is to ensure that the participants have the knowledge, support and confidence to work collaboratively with their HCPs to increase TIR and decrease HbA1c. |
|
| Peer-support | Behavioral | The peer-support will be facilitator-led by the primary investigator with peer exchange in group sessions (3 sessions over the study period, 3 hours per session) with 6-8 participants in every group. |
|
|
mmol/l |
| from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in time below range (TBR) (< 3.9 mmol/l, < 3.0 mmol/l), in percent, measured by 2 weeks blinded CGM between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | Percent | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in time above range (TAR) (>10 mmol/l, > 13.9 mmol/l), in percent, measured by 2 weeks blinded CGM, between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | Percent | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in glycemic variability (SD, Coefficient of variance and others), measured by 2 weeks blinded CGM between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | Percent | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in number of severe hypoglycemic episodes between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | number | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in insulin dose between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | units | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in BMI between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | weight and height will be combined to report BMI in kg/m^2 | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in antidiabetic medicine between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | (new medication, change in doses, discontinuation of medicine) | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in patients related outcome measures on general wellbeing, between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | measured by the questionnaire WHO-5 | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in patients related outcome measures on diabetes-related distress, between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | measured by the Diabetes Distress Scale | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in patients related outcome measures on hypoglycemia fear between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | measured by the short form Hypoglycemia Fear Survey | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in patients related outcome measures on diabetes treatment satisfaction between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | measured by the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Quenstionnaire | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in patients related outcome measures on satisfaction with glucose monitor between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | measured by the Glucose Monitoring Satisfaction Scale | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in health behavior regarding exercise between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | measured by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare questionnaire for Physical Activity | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in health behavior regarding diet between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | measured by the Danish Perceived Dietary Adherence questionnaire | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in health behavior regarding anti-diabetic medication adherence between the CGM group (A) and the SMBG group (C) | measured by the Danish Medical Adherence Scale | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in TIR, assessed by 2 weeks blinded CGM device, and HbA1c between the CGM groups (without peer-support group A and with peer-support group B) | Percent | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in general wellbeing between the CGM groups (without peer-support group A and with peer-support group B) | measured by the questionnaire WHO-5 | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in diabetes-related distress between the CGM groups (without peer-support group A and with peer-support group B) | measured by the Diabetes Distress Scale | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in hypoglycemia fear between the CGM groups (without peer-support group A and with peer-support group B) | measured by the short form Hypoglycemia Fear Survey | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in glucose monitoring satisfaction between the CGM groups (without peer-support group A and with peer-support group B) | measured by the Glucose Monitoring Satisfaction Scale | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in diabetes treatment satisfaction between the CGM groups (without peer-support group A and with peer-support group B) | measured by the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Quenstionnaire | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in health behavior regarding exercise between the CGM groups (without peer-support group A and with peer-support group B) | measured by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare questionnaire for Physical Activity | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in health behavior regarding diet between the CGM groups (without peer-support group A and with peer-support group B) | measured by the Danish Perceived Dietary Adherence questionnaire | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between change in health behavior regarding anti-diabetic medication adherence between the CGM groups (without peer-support group A and with peer-support group B) | measured by the Danish Medical Adherence Scale | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference in mean number of days of CGM use between individuals achieving TIR> 70% vs TIR< 70% within the CGM groups (group A+B) | days | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference in HbA1c baseline between individuals achieving TIR> 70% vs TIR< 70% within the CGM groups (group A+B) | mmol/mol | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference in age between individuals achieving TIR> 70% vs TIR< 70% within the CGM groups (group A+B) | in years | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference in diabetes duration between individuals achieving TIR> 70% vs TIR< 70% within the CGM groups (group A+B) | in years | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference in C-peptide between individuals achieving TIR> 70% vs TIR< 70% within the CGM groups (group A+B) | pmol/l | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference in education level between individuals achieving TIR> 70% vs TIR< 70% within the CGM groups (group A+B) | Percent | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference in social status between individuals achieving TIR> 70% vs TIR< 70% within the CGM groups (group A+B) | measured by civil status and occupation | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference in ethnicity between individuals achieving TIR> 70% vs TIR< 70% within the CGM groups (group A+B) | white/non-white | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference in medicine used between individuals achieving TIR> 70% vs TIR< 70% within the CGM groups (group A+B) | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference in change in health behavior regarding to diet between individuals achieving TIR> 70% vs TIR< 70% within the CGM groups (group A+B) | measured by the Danish Perceived Dietary Adherence questionnaire | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference in change in health behavior regarding to exercise between individuals achieving TIR> 70% vs TIR< 70% within the CGM groups (group A+B) | measured by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare questionnaire for Physical Activity | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference in change in health behavior regarding to medication adherence between individuals achieving TIR> 70% vs TIR< 70% within the CGM groups (group A+B) | measured by the Danish Medical Adherence Scale | from baseline to 12 months |
| Correlation between mean number of SMBG/day and time points for SMBG in the study period and improvement in HbA1c, in TIR, in TBR, in TAR within the control group C | from baseline to 12 months |
| Difference between number of participants using CGM vs. not using CGM increasing 5 % or more in TIR | number | from baseline to 12 months |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D003933 | Diagnosis |
| D003940 | Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine |
| D008991 | Monitoring, Physiologic |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |