Lack of participant recruitment

Sleep leads to consolidation of learning in humans, restoring memories that were forgotten over a waking day and protecting memories against future forgetting. Although theories of consolidation have linked sleep spindles seen on electroencephalography to consolidation due to their putative role in hippocampal transfer to the neocortex (Antony et al, 2019; Antony & Paller, 2017), spindles have not yet been linked to consolidation of perceptual learning or generalized learning. Prior research by a collaborator on this project has shown that sleep specifically aids in the consolidation of generalized perceptual learning of speech (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003). Subjects show a 10-point reduction in performance after a waking retention period, while no loss is found after a retention period containing sleep (Fenn et al., 2003).

Various measurable activities in the brain are associated with memory consolidation during sleep. This project intends study the effect of dexmedetomidine on memory consolidation during sleep

Hypothesis 1 The gain in perceptual learning after a 90 minute natural sleep nap will also occur after 90 minutes of a sufficient dose of IV dexmedetomidine to replicate sleep. This result would suggest that consolidation can occur under this anesthetic state of consciousness.

Hypothesis 2 The number and quality of sleep spindles seen on EEG in subjects administered dexmedetomidine will correlate with this gain in perceptual learning. This result would suggest that biomimetic sleep spindles are sufficient for producing memory consolidation.

Only those subjects capable of giving their own consent will be considered for this study.

The study will enroll 20 healthy subjects for this study between the ages of 18 and 35.

All volunteers will be fit and healthy, meeting the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification ASA 1 (normal healthy subjects) and ASA 2 (stable chronic condition) and of normal body habitus. Prior to the study enrollment, each volunteer will sign an informed consent form. A standard anesthetic medical history will be taken in addition to performing a focused standard pre-anesthetic physical examination in order to rule out active and chronic medical problems.

Primary Inclusion Criteria for "Healthy" volunteers

• Age between 18-35
• Native English speaking
• No hearing or speech difficulties
• No psychiatric, neurologic, or sleep disorders
• No chronic medical conditions, as reflected below under Primary Exclusion Criteria and above in 'Medical History'
• Non-smokers (within 3 months)
• Non-users of recreational or illicit drugs (including marijuana)
• Must be willing and able to pass the drug tests (no psychoactive substances), no ingestion of alcohol or sleep-altering drugs for the 48 hours prior to the study session.
• Normal weight

Primary Exclusion Criteria for "Healthy" volunteers

• Speech difficulties/disorders

• Hearing difficulties (including occluded or infected ear canals)

• Current hairstyles that do not allow the high-density EEG cap to make contact with the scalp (e.g., individuals with hair extensions, braids, dreadlocks or hairstyles that restrict the ability of electrodes to touch the scalp)

• Metal on/in/near their heads (including jewelry) that cannot be removed for the duration of the study

• Metal implants

• Serious abusers of alcohol or caffeine.

• Existing or suspected psychological or neurological disorders

• Pregnancy or suspected pregnancy (urine pregnancy test at visit 2)

• Chronic or transient (e.g., jet lag) problems with sleep; suspected sleep disorder

• Abnormal sleep habits, such as:

  • Sleeping less than 5 hours each night
  • Going to sleep before 8:00 PM or after 2:00 AM on a regular basis
  • Waking up before 5:00 AM or after 10:00 AM on a regular basis.

• Currently taking medications that regulate blood pressure; a history of high blood pressure, diabetes or stroke

• Chronic smokers

• Current use of aspirin, or other medications which increase bleeding, prior to the study session.

• Known drug allergies to anesthetics or a history of an adverse reaction to anesthesia.

• Known allergy to adhesives or electrode gel

• Medication that alters sleep, cognitive function, or both

No IPD will be shared with other researchers

All-Cause Mortality, Serious, and Other [Not Including Serious] Adverse Events were not monitored/assessed

All-Cause Mortality, Serious, and Other [Not Including Serious] Adverse Events were not monitored/assessed