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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| K23NS116110 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) | NIH |
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Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is the most common pediatric epilepsy syndrome. Affected children typically have a mild seizure disorder, but yet have moderate difficulties with language, learning and attention that impact quality of life more than the seizures. Separate from the seizures, these children have very frequent abnormal activity in their brain known as interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs, or spikes), which physicians currently do not treat. These IEDs arise near the motor cortex, a region in the brain that controls movement.
In this study, the investigators will use a form of non-invasive brain stimulation called transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to determine the impact of IEDs on brain regions important for language to investigate: (1) if treatment of IEDs could improve language; and (2) if brain stimulation may be a treatment option for children with epilepsy.
Participating children will wear electroencephalogram (EEG) caps to measure brain activity. The investigators will use TMS to stimulate the brain region where the IEDs originate to measure how this region is connected to other brain regions. Children will then receive a special form of TMS called repetitive TMS (rTMS) that briefly reduces brain excitability. The study will measure if IEDs decrease and if brain connectivity changes after rTMS is applied.
The investigators hypothesize that the IEDs cause language problems by increasing connectivity between the motor cortex and language regions. The investigators further hypothesize that rTMS will reduce the frequency of IEDs and also reduce connectivity between the motor and language region
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Children with BECTS | Experimental | Children will receive sham and active rTMS on 2 separate study visits separated by at least 1 week. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active rTMS | Device | 1Hz rTMS delivered for 15-20 minutes |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Interictal Epileptiform Discharge (IED) Frequency | We will count the number of IEDs/minute before and after application of active rTMS as well as before and after sham rTMS. We will compare the change in IEDs induced by the active and sham stimulation. | Before and after intervention (approximately 4 hours/visit on 2 study days one week apart) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Brain Connectivity | We will measure brain connectivity before and after application of active rTMS as well as before and after sham rTMS. We will compare the change in connectivity induced by the active and sham stimulation. In particular, we will look at how connectivity changes between the motor cortex and language regions of the brain. We chose 3 regions of interest per hemisphere (-F: Frontal, -M: Motor, -T: Temporal). rTMS was applied to the hemisphere with more spikes on clinical EEG, and hence all regions were further qualified as being ipsilateral (i-) or contralateral (c-) to rTMS application. Connectivity is measured in the weighted Phase Lag Index (wPLI) in the beta-frequency band, a phase-based connectivity measure which runs from a theoretical minimum of 0 (no connectivity) to 1 (complete connectivity). |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Fiona M Baumer, MD | Stanford University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stanford University School of Medicine | Palo Alto | California | 94304 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 32142025 | Background | Baumer FM, Pfeifer K, Fogarty A, Pena-Solorzano D, Rolle CE, Wallace JL, Rotenberg A, Fisher RS. Cortical Excitability, Synaptic Plasticity, and Cognition in Benign Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes: A Pilot TMS-EMG-EEG Study. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2020 Mar;37(2):170-180. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000662. | |
| 31942753 | Background | Mishra A, Maiti R, Mishra BR, Jena M, Srinivasan A. Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Seizure Frequency and Epileptiform Discharges in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Neurol. 2020 Jan;16(1):9-18. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2020.16.1.9. |
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No current plan.
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This study enrolled participants with Self Limited Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes (SeLECTS), formerly known as Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes (BECTS).
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Children With SeLECTS - Active, Then Sham rTMS | Children will receive sham and active (1 Hz) rTMS on 2 separate study visits separated by at least 1 week. |
| FG001 | Children With SeLECTS - Sham, Then Active rTMS | Children will receive sham and active (1 Hz) rTMS on 2 separate study visits separated by at least 1 week. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Intervention (1 Day) |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Washout Period (1 Week) |
| |||||||||||||||||||
| Second Intervention (1 Day) |
|
Participants with Analyzable Data (Remained awake for both active & sham rTMS sessions)
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Children With SeLECTS - Active, Then Sham rTMS | Children will receive sham and active (1 Hz) rTMS on 2 separate study visits separated by at least 1 week. |
| BG001 | Children With SeLECTS - Sham, Then Active rTMS |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Interictal Epileptiform Discharge (IED) Frequency | We will count the number of IEDs/minute before and after application of active rTMS as well as before and after sham rTMS. We will compare the change in IEDs induced by the active and sham stimulation. | Participants with Analyzable Data (Remained awake for both active & sham rTMS sessions) | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | IEDs per 5 minutes | Before and after intervention (approximately 4 hours/visit on 2 study days one week apart) |
|
1 week
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Children With SeLECTS - Active rTMS | Children will receive sham and active (1 Hz) rTMS on 2 separate study visits separated by at least 1 week. |
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| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head pain during stimulation | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiona Baumer, MD, MS | Stanford University | (650) 723-0993 | fbaumer@stanford.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Jun 30, 2020 | Jul 10, 2025 | Prot_001.pdf |
| SAP | No | Yes | No | Statistical Analysis Plan | Jul 9, 2025 | Jul 10, 2025 | SAP_002.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Mar 14, 2023 | Jun 27, 2025 | ICF_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019305 | Epilepsy, Rolandic |
| D007859 | Learning Disabilities |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004828 | Epilepsies, Partial |
| D004827 | Epilepsy |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
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Children will receive active repetitive TMS (rTMS) on one day and sham stimulation on a second day. The order of stimulation will be randomized on a per-participant basis.
Children and parents/guardians will not be told if they are receiving sham or inhibitory rTMS on a given day. The research team will know at the time of stimulation, however, as they will have to choose which coil to use. The TMS-EEG files will be coded and the team member analyzing the files for change in IED (spike) frequency and change in connectivity will be blinded to condition.
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| Sham rTMS |
| Device |
sham rTMS delivered for 15-20 minutes |
|
| Before and after intervention (approximately 4 hours/visit on 2 study days one week apart) |
| 27513825 | Background | Chen R, Spencer DC, Weston J, Nolan SJ. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 11;(8):CD011025. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011025.pub2. |
| 40010636 | Result | She X, Qi W, Nix KC, Menchaca M, Cline CC, Wu W, He Z, Baumer FM. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates brain connectivity in children with self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Brain Stimul. 2025 Mar-Apr;18(2):287-297. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.018. Epub 2025 Feb 24. |
| 38641629 | Result | She X, Nix KC, Cline CC, Qi W, Tugin S, He Z, Baumer FM. Stability of transcranial magnetic stimulation electroencephalogram evoked potentials in pediatric epilepsy. Sci Rep. 2024 Apr 20;14(1):9045. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-59468-8. |
| NOT COMPLETED |
|
| NOT COMPLETED |
|
|
Children will receive sham and active (1 Hz) rTMS on 2 separate study visits separated by at least 1 week.
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
Children will receive sham and active (1 Hz) rTMS on 2 separate study visits separated by at least 1 week. |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Brain Connectivity | We will measure brain connectivity before and after application of active rTMS as well as before and after sham rTMS. We will compare the change in connectivity induced by the active and sham stimulation. In particular, we will look at how connectivity changes between the motor cortex and language regions of the brain. We chose 3 regions of interest per hemisphere (-F: Frontal, -M: Motor, -T: Temporal). rTMS was applied to the hemisphere with more spikes on clinical EEG, and hence all regions were further qualified as being ipsilateral (i-) or contralateral (c-) to rTMS application. Connectivity is measured in the weighted Phase Lag Index (wPLI) in the beta-frequency band, a phase-based connectivity measure which runs from a theoretical minimum of 0 (no connectivity) to 1 (complete connectivity). | Participants with Analyzable Data (Remained awake for both active & sham rTMS sessions) | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | wPLI | Before and after intervention (approximately 4 hours/visit on 2 study days one week apart) |
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 19 |
| 0 |
| 19 |
| 2 |
| 19 |
| EG001 | Children With SeLECTS - Sham rTMS | Children will receive sham and active (1 Hz) rTMS on 2 separate study visits separated by at least 1 week. | 0 | 19 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 19 |
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| D009422 |
| Nervous System Diseases |
| D000073376 | Epileptic Syndromes |
| D003147 | Communication Disorders |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| Change in iF-cM Connectivity |
|
| Change in iF-iT Connectivity |
|
| Change in iF-cF Connectivity |
|
| Change in iM-cT Connectivity |
|
| Change in iF-cT Connectivity |
|
| Change in iF-iM Connectivity |
|
| Change in iT-cT Connectivity |
|
| Change in cF-cT Connectivity |
|
| Change in cF-cM Connectivity |
|
| Change in cF-iM Connectivity |
|
| Change in iM-iT Connectivity |
|
| Change in cM-cT Connectivity |
|
| Change in iM-cM Connectivity |
|
| Within-group analysis of change in cF-iT connectivity during sham rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.69 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in cF-iT connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | <0.0001 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in cM-iT connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | <0.0001 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in cM-iT connectivity during sham rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.43 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in cM-iT connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | <0.0001 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iF-cM connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.002 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iF-cM connectivity during sham rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.54 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in iF-cM connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.007 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iF-iT connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.002 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iF-iT connectivity during sham rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.32 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in iF-iT connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.01 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iF-cF connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.003 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iF-cF connectivity during sham rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.29 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in iF-cF connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.02 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iM-cT connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.003 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iM-cT connectivity during sham rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.66 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in iM-cT connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.008 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iF-cT connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.005 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iF-cT connectivity during sham rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.87 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in iF-cT connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.11 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iF-iM connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.012 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iF-iM connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.46 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in iF-iM connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.02 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iT-cT connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.01 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iT-cT connectivity during sham rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.99 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in iT-cT connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.04 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in cF-cT connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.01 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in cF-cT connectivity during sham rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.31 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in cF-cT connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.05 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in cF-cM connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | 0.03 | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in cF-cM connectivity during sham rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.20 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in cF-cM connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.04 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in cF-iM connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.05 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in cF-iM connectivity during sham rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.59 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in cF-iM connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.12 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iM-iT connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.10 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iM-iT connectivity during sham rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.57 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in iM-iT connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.06 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in cM-cT connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.12 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in cM-cT connectivity during sham rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.69 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in cM-cT connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.14 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iM-cM connectivity during active rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.12 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Within-group analysis of change in iM-cM connectivity during sham rTMS (post-rTMS versus pre-rTMS). | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.60 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0076. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |
| Between-group analysis of change in iM-cM connectivity induced by active versus sham rTMS. | Wilcoxon signed rank test | 0.04 | The threshold for statistical significance was p < 0.0071. | Other | Given the multiple ROIs investigated, we adjusted significance thresholds using principal component analysis, which accounts for the effective number of independent tests. This method is suitable when data in each comparison are not completely independent, as is the case with EEG where signal represents summated activity from multiple regions. |