Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is the most common hospital acquired infection worldwide, and is most commonly associated with catheterisation of the bladder. Catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) causes increased hospital costs, increased length of stay and increased mortality. This burden of disease is, in part, mediated by a lack of diagnostic and monitoring modalities for CAUTI. Both traditional and novel UTI diagnostic tests are susceptible to false positives associated with bacterial colonisation, and correlate poorly with clinically meaningful symptomatic CAUTI. As such, the current standard of care is reliant on clinical monitoring, which is susceptible to diagnostic delays, over and under treatment.

Imperial College London have developed a wireless biosensor for continuous monitoring of catheter-urine biochemistry. This project aims to validate this biosensor and demonstrate it's potential for preemptive CAUTI diagnosis through continuous urinary biochemical monitoring.

This research project aims to demonstrate that continuous urinary biochemical monitoring using a Smart Catheter biosensor can provide rapid diagnosis of impending catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI). The primary research question will then be: "Does the Smart Catheter device reduce the time to diagnosis of CAUTI?"

This will be accomplished through four studies: The aim of the first study will be to show the reliability and robustness of the Smart Catheter device through the question: "Is there any difference between the biochemical measurements from the Smart catheter device and a gold-standard laboratory measurement?"

The aim of the second and third studies aim to demonstrate the different biochemical profiles of infected and healthy urine by addressing the research question: "What is the difference in biochemical concentrations in healthy urine as compared to infected urine?" Study 3 will accomplish this by comparing infected human catheter-acquired urine as compared to uninfected human catheter-urine. Study 3 will monitor the changes in biochemical changes in an artifical bladder with artificial urine over time while an infection is induced.

The final study will demonstrate the reduced time to diagnosis in a clinical setting by addressing the research question: " What is the time difference in diagnosis of CAUTI from the CAUTI as compared to the current standard of clinical monitoring?"

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18 years or older Subjects expected to undergo catheterisation as part of their clinical care. Signed informed consent is a prerequisite for inclusion in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Consent to participate not given Known sensitivity to urinary catheters or electronic products Patients undergoing urologic procedures

Participant Data is confidential and will to be shared

The biosensors will monitor for infections. As this is an unverified, experimental diagnosis, this will not be made available to the patient or care provider. similarly this will not be available to the clinical researchers in order to avoid observation bias. While the participants, providers and investigators will all be aware that the participants have an active biosensor, they will be blinded to the output thereof.