Despite high prevalence, few hospitalized inpatients with opioid or alcohol use disorders (OAUDs) receive evidence-based treatments while in the hospital or get linked with appropriate follow-up care, leading to poor clinical outcomes and high readmission rates and costs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether a physician and care manager with addiction expertise, both members of the Substance Abuse Treatment and Recovery Team (START), can help improve initiation of treatment in the hospital and linkage to follow-up care upon discharge. START members have expertise in the treatment of substance use disorders.

START will work with the medical or surgical team to ensure appropriate care is received. That care will include therapy, focused discharge planning, and medication treatment options. START will also help establish a follow-up plan for continuation of treatment after hospital discharge.

To assess feasibility, the study will enroll 80 patients admitted to the hospital over 5 months in a pilot randomized clinical trial and collect baseline and 1-month follow-up data. To determine acceptability, the study will conduct semi-structured interviews with 40 providers. Results of this pilot study will inform a larger clinical trial.

The specific aims of this three-year R34 are to prepare for a clinical trial by (1) developing the protocol and resources for Substance Use Treatment and Recovery Team (START) to address untreated opioid or alcohol use disorders (OAUDs) among hospitalized inpatients and actively link them to follow-up care, and by (2) conducting a pilot RCT to assess (a) implementation feasibility; and (b) acceptability among patients and providers. The study is of critical importance to public health because millions of people in the United States need, but do not receive, treatment for substance-use disorders. OAUDs are of particular concern because of high rates of morbidity, mortality, hospitalizations, and readmissions, as well as the increasing incidence of opioid-use disorders and associated medical consequences and overdose deaths. Moreover, OAUDs are common substance use disorders among medical inpatients.

However, despite high prevalence, few inpatients with OAUDs receive evidence-based treatments while in the hospital. Most physicians and other providers in acute hospital settings are not trained to assess or manage patients with OAUDs, contributing to low rates of OAUD identification and treatment initiation. Pharmacotherapies to address OAUDs are effective for use across medical settings but are seldom initiated in hospitals or recommended as part of follow-up care. Inpatient hospitalization offers a pivotal opportunity to decrease unmet need. Starting treatment in the hospital and effectively linking patients with follow-up care could not only improve outcomes, but also could decrease high rates of hospital readmission and ultimately lower costs.

The current standard of care for hospitalized patients with OAUD-screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment-is not effective for those with OAUDs, possibly because it does not include initiation of medication or facilitate linkage to follow-up OAUD care. Barriers to OAUD treatment for inpatients may include lack of expertise on the medical team, absence of an organized system for assessing and treating patients with OAUD, patient ambivalence about treatment, and lack of follow-up after discharge. The START will consist of an physician and care manager team with OAUD expertise who provide population-focused monitoring and measurement-based decision-making to support the medical team.

START will use evidence-based components, including a motivational interviewing-based therapeutic intervention, targeted discharge planning, and active referral.

To develop the protocol, we will draw from our prior work in primary care and other evidence-based resources, and obtain input from a stakeholder advisory board comprised of patients and providers. To assess feasibility, we will enroll 80 patients admitted to the hospital over 5 months in a pilot RCT and collect baseline and 1-month follow-up data.

To determine acceptability, we will conduct interviews with providers and patients. The proposed study would be the first to test a consultation-liaison service-based START to improve care for inpatients with OAUD.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Inpatient at CSMC
• Age 18 and older
• Screens positive for moderate to severe OAUDs based on the alcohol and opioid questions on the
• World Health Organization (WHO) Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST).
• Speaks English as primary language
• The usual attending physician agrees to patient's participation
• Has decision-making capacity and is not gravely disabled

Exclusion Criteria:

• Currently receiving FDA-approved medication treatment for an opioid or alcohol use disorder
• Gravely disabled (per clinical judgement)
• Does not have decision-making capacity (per clinical judgement)

We will make the data and associated documentation available to users under a data-sharing agreement that provides for: (1) a commitment to using the data only for research purposes and not to identify any individual participant; (2) a commitment to securing the data using appropriate computer technology; and (3) a commitment to destroying the data after analyses are completed.

IPD will be available upon completion of analyses until five years after study completion.

(1) a commitment to using the data only for research purposes and not to identify any individual participant; (2) a commitment to securing the data using appropriate computer technology; and (3) a commitment to destroying the data after analyses are completed.

Ten months

The pilot sample size is small and combines individuals with AUD and OUD. The follow-up period was only one month after hospital discharge. Readmission was measured at only the admitting hospital. While the ASSIST, used to assess OUD and AUD, has been validated in the primary care setting, it has not be validated in the hospital setting. Use of the NSDUH 30-day use questions to measure self-reported opioid and alcohol use may have resulted in underreporting at both baseline and follow-up.