Recent evidence suggests that hyperinsulinemia (i.e., elevated insulin levels) is the primary causative factor in obesity. Insulin promotes fat storage and prevents fat breakdown, suggesting that weight loss would be optimized if insulin levels are managed and kept low. Understanding how different foods impact insulin levels could therefore aid in personalized weight loss (or weight maintenance) advice. It has been shown that salivary insulin can track plasma insulin following different meals and can delineate between lean and obese people. Thus, it was suggested that salivary insulin could be a potential surrogate for plasma insulin. The purpose of this study is to measure fasting saliva insulin, and salivary insulin responses to a standardized meal tolerance test in individuals with different body mass index (BMI).

Inclusion Criteria:

• non-smoker
• have a body mass index greater than 18.5 kg/m2
• have not been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes or other medical conditions affecting glucose or insulin levels

Exclusion Criteria:

• You have been. diagnosed with diabetes (fasting blood sugar more than 7.0 mmol/l) or any other diagnosed chronic condition that may impact your glucose or insulin levels or the outcomes of this study.
• You take any medication which may affect your glucose and insulin level
• Unable to travel to make your testing appointments.
• Unable to consume the meal tolerance test drink/shake and/or provide finger stick glucose or saliva samples for the study.