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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1R61HL142680-01A1 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source | |
| 4R33HL142680-02 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source | |
| 5R33HL142680-03 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) | NIH |
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This study will compare a new weight loss program that focuses on a healthy eating pattern, with WW™ (formally Weight Watchers), an effective and widely available weight loss program. Study researchers have developed an adapted version of the Mediterranean eating pattern to be more acceptable and realistic for southerners; this adapted version is known as "Med-South." Those who take part in the study will be randomly assigned to either the Med-South weight loss program or WW™. Both programs will last for 2 years with measurement visits at the start of the study and at 4-, 12- and 24-month follow-up. While the primary outcome measured by the trial will be weight loss at 24 months, researchers will collect other data which may show additional health benefits of the Med-South diet. The study team will measure blood markers of inflammation, which are known to improve with better diet quality. Researchers will also measure participants' skin carotenoid levels, which increase with greater fruit and vegetable consumption. The study will be conducted within 2 regional catchment areas (n=360 participants) representing a diverse spectrum of patients and settings. Patients with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m^2 will be enrolled and randomized to intervention or augmented usual care. To assure adequate subgroup representation, ≥ 40% of the sample will have diabetes, ≥ 40% will be male, and ≥ 40% will be African American. The intervention will be delivered in 3 phases over 24 months by research staff: Phase I (4 months) focuses on adopting a Med-style dietary pattern; Phase II (8 months) on weight loss; and Phase III (12 months) on weight loss maintenance. Outcomes will be assessed at 4, 12, and 24 months. The primary outcome is weight loss at 24 months. Secondary outcomes include change in physiologic, behavioral, and psychosocial measures. Researchers will also assess implementation cost and the incremental cost-effectiveness of the intervention relative to the augmented usual care group.
Below, each of the treatment arms is described in detail.
Med-South Weight Loss Program
Most weight loss programs offer weekly one-on-one or group counseling sessions for 16-20 weeks. The Med-South Weight Loss Program is different and is given in 3 phases. The program begins with Phase I, a 4-month lifestyle phase that focuses on the "basics" of healthy eating rather than weight loss. Over the next 8 months in Phase II, we focus on weight loss, followed by a year-long (Phase III) phase to help maintain weight loss. In Phase I, the main counseling sessions happen at monthly visits, to which check-in phone calls are added. In Phase II, the main counseling sessions will occur weekly for 6-8 weeks, depending on participants' progress. There are also check in phone calls-the number will vary based on progress. During Phase III, there are 2 main visits and follow-up phone calls. More details about these visits are in the table below.
Some of the counseling visits will be face-to-face with the counselor and some by phone. Only one member of a family may join this study, but other family members are invited to take part in face-to-face and phone counseling sessions. (As of June 2020, due to COVID-19 only one other family member or friend may come with you to in-person visits.) Of the 14 core counseling sessions), the face-to-face format will be required for only 5 (the 1st session of each Phase, after 2 months of the weight loss program, and approximately 1/2 through the year long maintenance phase). (As of June 2020, due to COVID-19, only these visits will be in person. All the others will be by phone or videoconferencing, until further notice based on updated COVID-19 guidelines.) During face-to-face sessions, the participant and the counselor will sit side-by-side and use a web-based program or the paper format to review educational materials, select dietary goals, and list first steps to reach these goals. (As of June 2020, due to COVID-19, counselor and participant will sit more than 6 feet apart and a large wall mounted monitor will be used to review study materials. This protocol will be followed until further notice based on updated COVID-19 guidelines.) If the phone format is used for major counseling sessions, the participant may view the educational content online or use the paper version. The program also includes brief telephone calls to check on progress towards goals selected at previous sessions and provide support for lifestyle change. The number of phone calls will depend on the participant meeting his/her personal weight loss goals in Phase II or keeping the weight off in Phase III. Detail for each Phase is given below.
Phase I
8 total contacts
Core session = 45-60 min.
Follow-up call = 15 min.
total time: 4 - 5 hours
Phase II
Phase III
2 core sessions (both in-person)
12-24 follow-up phone calls (1-2 per month)
Core session (In-person) = 45-60 min.
Follow-up call = 15-20 min. Total time 1.25 - 2 hours (Core) 3 - 8 hours (Follow-up)
2-Year Program TOTAL 44 - 60 Contacts -- 21.7 - 38.5 hours
WW™ Weight Loss Program
Those randomized to WW™ will have access to both the Workshop and Digital components of the WW™ program for 2 years. WW offers in-person coaching and community-based learning through weekly Workshops at WW Studios.The Workshop component allows for attending weekly group meeting at a WW™ studio (local WW™ office). (As of June 2020, due to COVID-19, the workshop component will be available in a virtual videoconferencing [Zoom™] format until further notice based on updated COVID-19 guidelines.)
The Digital component can be accessed using the WW™ website or the smart phone App. The digital tools available thought the WW Digital program include food tracking (either manually or with bar code scanning), progress charts, lifestyle coaching with 24/7 chat with a WW Coach, ability to track activity (manually or by syncing a fitness tracking device), incentives for behavior change (WellnessWins), recipes, and even local restaurant recommendations using GPS. Those in the WW group will also have access to Connect, WW's members-only digital community.
The WW™ program uses "SmartPoints" assigned to foods based on energy content and nutritional value, allocating a certain number of points to users daily based on their starting weight, weight loss goals, age and sex. Participants will receive a personalized SmartPoints budget made up of Daily SmartPoints, plus some extra Weekly SmartPoints for those days when a cushion is needed.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Med-South Weight Loss Intervention | Experimental | The intervention will be delivered in 3 phases over 24 months: Phase I (4 months) provides a foundation for adopting and maintaining a healthful dietary pattern (Med-style, tailored for the southeastern United States); Phase II (8 months) focuses on weight loss; and Phase III (12 months) on maintenance of or continued weight loss, as appropriate. |
|
| Augmented Usual Care (WW) | Active Comparator | The intervention that will be offered to control group participants is WW™ (formerly known as Weight Watchers). The study will provide access to the 'Workshop + Digital' option of WW™ during the 2 year intervention. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Med-South Weight Loss Intervention | Behavioral | Phase I is a 4-month lifestyle program focused on the basics of healthy eating. Phase II (8 months) focuses on weight loss, followed by a year-long (Phase III) focused on weight loss maintenance. In Phase I, the main counseling sessions happen at monthly visits, with added check-in phone calls. In Phase II, the main counseling sessions will occur weekly for 6-8 weeks. There are also check-in phone calls - number based on weight loss progress. During Phase III, there are 2 main visits and follow-up phone calls. Counseling visits will be in-person with a health counselor and by phone. Of the 14 core counseling sessions, the in-person format will be required for only 4 (the 1st session of each Phase and after 2 months of the weight loss program). The program also includes brief phone calls to check on progress towards goals for lifestyle change. The number of phone calls will depend on success in meeting personal weight loss goals in Phase II or keeping the weight off in Phase III. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Percent Weight Change From Baseline to Month 24 | Weight will be collected by study staff who are masked to treatment using scales tested monthly for accuracy up to 350 pounds. | Baseline, Month 24 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Percent Weight Change From Baseline to Months 4 and 12 | Weight will be collected by study staff who are masked to treatment using scales tested monthly for accuracy up to 350 pounds. | Baseline, Months 4 and 12 |
| Percentage Weight From Baseline Through Follow-Up by Sub-Groups |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Carmen D Samuel-Hodge, PhD | University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill | Principal Investigator |
| Thomas C Keyserling, MD | University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UNC Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention | Chapel Hill | North Carolina | 27514 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27495295 | Background | Keyserling TC, Samuel-Hodge CD, Pitts SJ, Garcia BA, Johnston LF, Gizlice Z, Miller CL, Braxton DF, Evenson KR, Smith JC, Davis GB, Quenum EL, Elliott NT, Gross MD, Donahue KE, Halladay JR, Ammerman AS. A community-based lifestyle and weight loss intervention promoting a Mediterranean-style diet pattern evaluated in the stroke belt of North Carolina: the Heart Healthy Lenoir Project. BMC Public Health. 2016 Aug 5;16:732. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3370-9. | |
| 18394692 |
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Deidentified individual data that supports the results will be shared beginning 9 to 36 months following publication provided the investigator who proposes to use the data has approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB), Independent Ethics Committee (IEC), or Research Ethics Board (REB), as applicable, and executes a data use/sharing agreement with UNC.
9 to 36 months following publication
Approval from an IRB, IEC, or REB, as applicable, and an executed data use/sharing agreement with UNC.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Med-South Weight Loss Intervention | The intervention will be delivered in 3 phases over 24 months: Phase I (4 months) provides a foundation for adopting and maintaining a healthful dietary pattern (Med-style, tailored for the southeastern United States); Phase II (8 months) focuses on weight loss; and Phase III (12 months) on maintenance of or continued weight loss, as appropriate. Med-South Weight Loss Intervention: Phase I is a 4-month lifestyle program focused on the basics of healthy eating. Phase II (8 months) focuses on weight loss, followed by a year-long (Phase III) focused on weight loss maintenance. In Phase I, the main counseling sessions happen at monthly visits, with added check-in phone calls. In Phase II, the main counseling sessions will occur weekly for 6-8 weeks. There are also check-in phone calls - number based on weight loss progress. During Phase III, there are 2 main visits and follow-up phone calls. Counseling visits will be in-person with a health counselor and by phone. Of the 14 core counseling sessions, the in-person format will be required for only 4 (the 1st session of each Phase and after 2 months of the weight loss program). The program also includes brief phone calls to check on progress towards goals for lifestyle change. The number of phone calls will depend on success in meeting personal weight loss goals in Phase II or keeping the weight off in Phase III. |
| FG001 | Augmented Usual Care (WW) | The intervention that will be offered to control group participants is WW™ (also known as Weight Watchers). The study will provide access to the 'Workshop + Digital' option of WW™ during the 2 year intervention. WW: If participants are randomized to WW™, they will have access to both the workshop and digital components of the WW™ program for 2 years. The workshop component includes the option of attending weekly group meeting at a WW™ studio (local WW™ office). The digital component can be accessed using the WW™ website or the smart phone App. The study research staff will provide basic instructions on how to use the WW™ digital resources. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Med-South Weight Loss Intervention | The intervention will be delivered in 3 phases over 24 months: Phase I (4 months) provides a foundation for adopting and maintaining a healthful dietary pattern (Med-style, tailored for the southeastern United States); Phase II (8 months) focuses on weight loss; and Phase III (12 months) on maintenance of or continued weight loss, as appropriate. Med-South Weight Loss Intervention: Phase I is a 4-month lifestyle program focused on the basics of healthy eating. Phase II (8 months) focuses on weight loss, followed by a year-long (Phase III) focused on weight loss maintenance. In Phase I, the main counseling sessions happen at monthly visits, with added check-in phone calls. In Phase II, the main counseling sessions will occur weekly for 6-8 weeks. There are also check-in phone calls - number based on weight loss progress. During Phase III, there are 2 main visits and follow-up phone calls. Counseling visits will be in-person with a health counselor and by phone. Of the 14 core counseling sessions, the in-person format will be required for only 4 (the 1st session of each Phase and after 2 months of the weight loss program). The program also includes brief phone calls to check on progress towards goals for lifestyle change. The number of phone calls will depend on success in meeting personal weight loss goals in Phase II or keeping the weight off in Phase III. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Percent Weight Change From Baseline to Month 24 | Weight will be collected by study staff who are masked to treatment using scales tested monthly for accuracy up to 350 pounds. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentage weight change | Baseline, Month 24 |
|
From the time of randomization to the final follow-up visit, a total of approximately 24 months (the defined window for the final follow-up was 23-30 months). For those who did not attend the final follow-up visit, reports for hospitalization were reviewed from the electronic health record for 2 years post randomization.
Adverse events were captured using the electronic health record report for hospitalizations and by participant-completed surveys at follow-up visits.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Med-South Weight Loss Intervention | The intervention will be delivered in 3 phases over 24 months: Phase I (4 months) provides a foundation for adopting and maintaining a healthful dietary pattern (Med-style, tailored for the southeastern United States); Phase II (8 months) focuses on weight loss; and Phase III (12 months) on maintenance of or continued weight loss, as appropriate. Med-South Weight Loss Intervention: Phase I is a 4-month lifestyle program focused on the basics of healthy eating. Phase II (8 months) focuses on weight loss, followed by a year-long (Phase III) focused on weight loss maintenance. In Phase I, the main counseling sessions happen at monthly visits, with added check-in phone calls. In Phase II, the main counseling sessions will occur weekly for 6-8 weeks. There are also check-in phone calls - number based on weight loss progress. During Phase III, there are 2 main visits and follow-up phone calls. Counseling visits will be in-person with a health counselor and by phone. Of the 14 core counseling sessions, the in-person format will be required for only 4 (the 1st session of each Phase and after 2 months of the weight loss program). The program also includes brief phone calls to check on progress towards goals for lifestyle change. The number of phone calls will depend on success in meeting personal weight loss goals in Phase II or keeping the weight off in Phase III. |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Myocardial Infarction | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypoglycemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thomas Keyserling, MD | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | 984-974-4462 | thomas_keyserling@med.unc.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Jun 8, 2025 | Jun 13, 2025 | Prot_001.pdf |
| SAP | No | Yes | No | Statistical Analysis Plan | Jun 9, 2025 | Jun 12, 2025 | SAP_002.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Mar 4, 2022 | Aug 27, 2024 | ICF_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015431 | Weight Loss |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001836 | Body Weight Changes |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D061217 | Weight Reduction Programs |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006293 | Health Promotion |
| D006266 | Health Education |
| D011314 | Preventive Health Services |
| D006296 | Health Services |
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Study participants will be randomized to either the intervention group (Med-Diet Weight Loss Program) or an enhanced usual care control group (WW); both groups will participate in the respective programs for two years.
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The investigators (excluding bio-statistician) will be masked to weight change and other major outcomes (will not have access to the data) until all data are collected. The bio-statistician will have access to study group assignment as liaison to the Data Safety Monitoring Committee
|
|
| WW | Behavioral | If participants are randomized to WW™, they will have access to both the workshop and digital components of the WW™ program for 2 years. The workshop component includes the option of attending weekly group meeting at a WW™ studio (local WW™ office). The digital component can be accessed using the WW™ website or the smart phone App. The study research staff will provide basic instructions on how to use the WW™ digital resources. |
|
|
Weight will be collected by study staff who are masked to treatment using scales tested monthly for accuracy up to 350 pounds. Assess difference between study groups in percentage losing ≥ 5% body weight for all participants and across 3 pre-specified subgroups: 1) participants with vs. without diabetes; 2) females vs. males; and 3) Whites vs. African Americans. |
| Baseline, Months 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Weight Change From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Weight will be collected by study staff who are masked to treatment. | Baseline, Months 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Systolic Blood Pressure From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Blood pressure assessed by Omron-907xl, average of 3 readings. | Baseline, Months 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Blood pressure assessed by Omron-907xl, average of 3 readings. | Baseline, Months 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Total Cholesterol From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Total cholesterol assessed by commercial lab (LabCorp). | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in HDL-Cholesterol From Baseline Through Follow-Up | HDL-Cholesterol assessed by commercial lab (LabCorp). | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Triglycerides From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Triglycerides as assessed by commercial lab (LabCorp). | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change LDL-cholesterol From Baseline Through Follow-up | Calculated from above lipid assessments by commercial lab (LabCorp). | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in A1c From Baseline Through Follow-Up | A1c assessed by commercial lab (LabCorp). | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in CRP (C-Reactive Protein) From Baseline Through Follow-Up | CRP assessed by commercial lab (LabCorp). | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Interleukin (IL) IL-6 From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Assessed by independent lab blinded to participant arm. | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) TNF-alpha From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Assessed by independent lab blinded to participant arm. | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Skin Carotenoids From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Evaluated as the sum of 3 measures assessed by veggie-meter by Longevity Link Corporation. The Veggie Meter produces a score from 0 to 800, with higher scores indicating greater skin carotenoid levels, which suggest a greater intake of fruits and vegetables. | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Quality of Life Scale From Baseline Through Follow-Up | The Euro Quality of Life Three Dimensions Questionnaire EQ-5D-3L ( EuroQol five-dimensional three-level questionnaire) scale measures patients' quality of healthy living. It has 5 items (Mobility, Self-care, Usual activities, Pain/discomfort, Depression/anxiety). Each item contains 3 levels: 1=no problems; 2=some problems; 3=extreme problems. The higher the score has the worse the health. Then, the score calculation of the European Five-Dimensional Health Scale is based on the calculation formula published for U.S. populations. Based on 3 combinations of different severity for the 5 items, a score of 0 to 1 is obtained which is called the EQ-5D-3L index and reported here. 0 is the least healthy and 1 is the most healthy. | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)-2010 From Baseline Through Follow-Up | The AHEI-2010 is calculated from items on the Willett Food Frequency Questionnaire. It addresses intake of foods and nutrients consistently associated with lower risk for chronic diseases in the literature. The AHEI-2010 score is comprised of 11 sub-scales, each scored from 0 to 10, yielding a total score with a range of 0-110. A higher score indicates a more healthful dietary pattern. | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) From Baseline Through Follow-Up | The GPAQ was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for physical activity surveillance. It collects information on physical activity participation in three settings (or domains) as well as sedentary behavior. The domains are: activity at work, travel to and from places, and recreational activities. The summary measure will be the sum of all moderate and vigorous activity per week (measured in hours) for the domains mentioned with a higher score indicating more physical activity. | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Weight Loss Self-Efficacy From Baseline Through Follow-Up | The Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire Short-Form (WEL-SF1) is a short version of the original Weight-Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire and includes 8 questions and 1 situational component representing "confidence in ability to resist eating." Three of the questions are related to emotional eating situations, two to availability, one to social pressure, one to positive activities, and one to physical discomfort. Scoring: The instrument range scores on a Likert-scale from 0 (not at all confident) to 10 (very confident), with sum scores between 0 and 80. High scores are associated with high eating self-efficacy. | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Dietary Self-Regulation From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Treatment Self-regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) measures the quality of motivation for a particular health goal. Motivation is psychological energy directed at a particular goal such as weight loss. The autonomous self-regulation sub-scale of the TSRQ was used.This 6-item scale will focus on the reasons why people would either start eating a healthier diet or continue to do so. Scoring: Participants rate each statement on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all true) to 7 (very true). It assesses the degree to which a person's motivation for eating a healthy diet is autonomous or self-determined. Possible scores range from 6 to 42 wtih higher scores indicating greater motivation. | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Eating Attitudes From Baseline Through Follow-Up (Cognitive Restraint) | The Cognitive Restraint subscale of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire has 6 items and measures one of the three dimensions of eating attitudes. The instrument scoring range for each item is based on a Likert-scale from 1 (definitely false) to 4 (definitely true) with scores ranging from 6 and 24. Higher scores indicate greater cognitive restraint. | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Eating Attitudes From Baseline Through Follow-Up (Uncontrolled Eating) | The uncontrolled eating subscale of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire has 9 items and measures one of the three dimensions of eating attitudes. The instrument scoring range for each item is based on a Likert-scale from 1 (definitely false) to 4 (definitely true) with scores ranging from 9 and 36. Higher scores indicate greater uncontrolled eating. | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Eating Attitudes From Baseline Through Follow-Up (Emotional Eating) | The emotional eating subscale of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire has 3 items and measures one of the three dimensions of eating attitudes. The instrument scoring range for each item is based on a Likert-scale from 1 (definitely false) to 4 (definitely true) with scores ranging from 3 and 12. Higher scores indicate greater emotional eating. | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Diet Self-Efficacy From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Perceived self-efficacy is regarded as a suitable predictor of reported health behaviors. This 5-item scale of perceived self-efficacy measures self-efficacy related to healthful eating behaviors. Responses are on a 4-point scale of 'very uncertain' to 'very certain.' Total scores range from 5-20 with higher scores indicating higher perceived self-efficacy. | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Mean Change in Self-Weighing Behaviors From Baseline Through Follow-Up | EARLY Self-Weighing Questionnaire: This is a 1-item screener measures frequency of self-weighing. It was adapted from the Pound of Prevention Health Habits Questionnaire. Those reporting a higher weighing frequency had greater 24-month weight loss or less weight gain. Scoring: Higher scores indicate higher frequency of self-weighing. Responses are based on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 = never; 2 = once a year or less; 3= every couple of months; 4 = about once a month; 5 = about once a week; 6 = about once a day; and 7 = more than once a day. | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
| Economic Outcome--Incremental Cost-Effectiveness | Computed as the incremental cost per kilogram of weight loss relative to control. The budgetary assessment will quantify the total and per participant costs of intervention delivery from the health system perspective using an Activity Based Costing (ABC) approach and cost tracking forms that the health economist (Finkelstein) has developed and refined in past behavioral trials. Using this approach, all relevant labor, materials and supplies, contracted services, and other relevant costs required to deliver the interventions will be captured by key activities | Month 24 |
| Economic Outcome--Incremental Cost Per Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) Gained | The numerator for this analysis will be the incremental program delivery costs of the intervention relative to control, minus any cost offsets based on differences in health services and medication use across arms. The denominator will be the incremental QALYs based on average differences in Euro Quality of Life five Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) scores across arms collected at each assessment point. These scores can be used to quantify net QALY differences during the intervention period. EQ-5D-5L scale measures patients' quality of healthy living. It has 5 items (Mobility, Self-care, Usual activities, Pain/discomfort, Depression/anxiety). The score calculation of the European Five-Dimensional Health Scale is based on the calculation formula published by the EuroQol Group. Based on 5 combinations of different severity levels, a score of 0 to 1 is obtained. 0 is the least healthy and 1 is the most healthy. | Month 24 |
| Keyserling TC, Samuel Hodge CD, Jilcott SB, Johnston LF, Garcia BA, Gizlice Z, Gross MD, Savinon CE, Bangdiwala SI, Will JC, Farris RP, Trost S, Ammerman AS. Randomized trial of a clinic-based, community-supported, lifestyle intervention to improve physical activity and diet: the North Carolina enhanced WISEWOMAN project. Prev Med. 2008 Jun;46(6):499-510. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.02.011. Epub 2008 Feb 15. |
| 24861959 | Background | Keyserling TC, Sheridan SL, Draeger LB, Finkelstein EA, Gizlice Z, Kruger E, Johnston LF, Sloane PD, Samuel-Hodge C, Evenson KR, Gross MD, Donahue KE, Pignone MP, Vu MB, Steinbacher EA, Weiner BJ, Bangdiwala SI, Ammerman AS. A comparison of live counseling with a web-based lifestyle and medication intervention to reduce coronary heart disease risk: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Jul;174(7):1144-57. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.1984. |
| 28405344 | Background | Embree GG, Samuel-Hodge CD, Johnston LF, Garcia BA, Gizlice Z, Evenson KR, DeWalt DA, Ammerman AS, Keyserling TC. Successful long-term weight loss among participants with diabetes receiving an intervention promoting an adapted Mediterranean-style dietary pattern: the Heart Healthy Lenoir Project. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017 Mar 29;5(1):e000339. doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000339. eCollection 2017. |
| 27911049 | Background | Samuel-Hodge CD, Holder-Cooper JC, Gizlice Z, Davis G, Steele SP, Keyserling TC, Kumanyika SK, Brantley PJ, Svetkey LP. Family PArtners in Lifestyle Support (PALS): Family-based weight loss for African American adults with type 2 diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2017 Jan;25(1):45-55. doi: 10.1002/oby.21700. Epub 2016 Dec 2. |
| 23408464 | Background | Samuel-Hodge CD, Garcia BA, Johnston LF, Gizlice Z, Ni A, Cai J, Kraschnewski JL, Gustafson AA, Norwood AF, Glasgow RE, Gold AD, Graham JW, Evenson KR, Trost S, Keyserling TC. Translation of a behavioral weight loss intervention for mid-life, low-income women in local health departments. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 Sep;21(9):1764-73. doi: 10.1002/oby.20317. Epub 2013 May 24. |
| 19407810 | Background | Samuel-Hodge CD, Johnston LF, Gizlice Z, Garcia BA, Lindsley SC, Bramble KP, Hardy TE, Ammerman AS, Poindexter PA, Will JC, Keyserling TC. Randomized trial of a behavioral weight loss intervention for low-income women: the Weight Wise Program. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Oct;17(10):1891-9. doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.128. Epub 2009 Apr 30. |
| 39690977 | Derived | Saraiya VM, Berkowitz SA, Johnston LF, Couper DJ, Sotres-Alvarez D, Lyons KM, Thaxton CK, Skinner HG, Samuel-Hodge CD, Keyserling TC. An Evaluation of Primary Care Clinician Referrals for Behavioral Weight Loss Counseling. J Prim Care Community Health. 2024 Jan-Dec;15:21501319241308054. doi: 10.1177/21501319241308054. |
| BG001 | Augmented Usual Care (WW) | The intervention that will be offered to control group participants is WW™ (also known as Weight Watchers). The study will provide access to the 'Workshop + Digital' option of WW™ during the 2 year intervention. WW: If participants are randomized to WW™, they will have access to both the workshop and digital components of the WW™ program for 2 years. The workshop component includes the option of attending weekly group meeting at a WW™ studio (local WW™ office). The digital component can be accessed using the WW™ website or the smart phone App. The study research staff will provide basic instructions on how to use the WW™ digital resources. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
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| Sex/Gender, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| OG001 | Augmented Usual Care (WW) | The intervention that will be offered to control group participants is WW™ (also known as Weight Watchers). The study will provide access to the 'Workshop + Digital' option of WW™ during the 2 year intervention. WW: If participants are randomized to WW™, they will have access to both the workshop and digital components of the WW™ program for 2 years. The workshop component includes the option of attending weekly group meeting at a WW™ studio (local WW™ office). The digital component can be accessed using the WW™ website or the smart phone App. The study research staff will provide basic instructions on how to use the WW™ digital resources. |
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| Secondary | Percent Weight Change From Baseline to Months 4 and 12 | Weight will be collected by study staff who are masked to treatment using scales tested monthly for accuracy up to 350 pounds. | Data reported for all participants who returned for follow-up measures. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentage weight change | Baseline, Months 4 and 12 |
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| Secondary | Percentage Weight From Baseline Through Follow-Up by Sub-Groups | Weight will be collected by study staff who are masked to treatment using scales tested monthly for accuracy up to 350 pounds. Assess difference between study groups in percentage losing ≥ 5% body weight for all participants and across 3 pre-specified subgroups: 1) participants with vs. without diabetes; 2) females vs. males; and 3) Whites vs. African Americans. | Data reported for all participants who returned for follow-up measures. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentage weight change | Baseline, Months 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Weight Change From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Weight will be collected by study staff who are masked to treatment. | Data reported for all participants who returned for follow-up measures. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Kg | Baseline, Months 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Systolic Blood Pressure From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Blood pressure assessed by Omron-907xl, average of 3 readings. | Blood pressure assessed by Omron-907xl if an average of 3 error-free readings were obtained. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm Hg | Baseline, Months 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Blood pressure assessed by Omron-907xl, average of 3 readings. | Blood pressure assessed by Omron-907xl if an average of 3 error-free readings were obtained. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm Hg | Baseline, Months 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Total Cholesterol From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Total cholesterol assessed by commercial lab (LabCorp). | Data reported for all participants with successful phlebotomy. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/dL | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in HDL-Cholesterol From Baseline Through Follow-Up | HDL-Cholesterol assessed by commercial lab (LabCorp). | Data reported for all participants with successful phlebotomy. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/dL | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Triglycerides From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Triglycerides as assessed by commercial lab (LabCorp). | Participants with successful phlebotomy who reported fasting. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/dL | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change LDL-cholesterol From Baseline Through Follow-up | Calculated from above lipid assessments by commercial lab (LabCorp). | Participants with successful phlebotomy who reported fasting. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/dL | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in A1c From Baseline Through Follow-Up | A1c assessed by commercial lab (LabCorp). | Data reported for all participants with successful phlebotomy. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percent | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in CRP (C-Reactive Protein) From Baseline Through Follow-Up | CRP assessed by commercial lab (LabCorp). | Data reported for all participants with successful phlebotomy. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/L | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Interleukin (IL) IL-6 From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Assessed by independent lab blinded to participant arm. | Participants with successful phlebotomy who reported fasting and who had a measurable level. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | pg/mL | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) TNF-alpha From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Assessed by independent lab blinded to participant arm. | Participants with successful phlebotomy who reported fasting and who had a measurable level. The numbers differ from IL-6 due to number of participants with results below the lower limit of the assay. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | pg/mL | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Skin Carotenoids From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Evaluated as the sum of 3 measures assessed by veggie-meter by Longevity Link Corporation. The Veggie Meter produces a score from 0 to 800, with higher scores indicating greater skin carotenoid levels, which suggest a greater intake of fruits and vegetables. | Data reported for all participants who returned for follow-up measures. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Quality of Life Scale From Baseline Through Follow-Up | The Euro Quality of Life Three Dimensions Questionnaire EQ-5D-3L ( EuroQol five-dimensional three-level questionnaire) scale measures patients' quality of healthy living. It has 5 items (Mobility, Self-care, Usual activities, Pain/discomfort, Depression/anxiety). Each item contains 3 levels: 1=no problems; 2=some problems; 3=extreme problems. The higher the score has the worse the health. Then, the score calculation of the European Five-Dimensional Health Scale is based on the calculation formula published for U.S. populations. Based on 3 combinations of different severity for the 5 items, a score of 0 to 1 is obtained which is called the EQ-5D-3L index and reported here. 0 is the least healthy and 1 is the most healthy. | Data reported for all participants who returned for follow-up measures. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)-2010 From Baseline Through Follow-Up | The AHEI-2010 is calculated from items on the Willett Food Frequency Questionnaire. It addresses intake of foods and nutrients consistently associated with lower risk for chronic diseases in the literature. The AHEI-2010 score is comprised of 11 sub-scales, each scored from 0 to 10, yielding a total score with a range of 0-110. A higher score indicates a more healthful dietary pattern. | Data reported for all participants who returned for follow-up measures, completed the Harvard-Willett Food Frequency Questionnaire, and had plausible daily energy intake. For women this was defined as daily kcal intake between 500 and 3500 kcal inclusive. For men this was defined as daily kcal intake between 800 and 4200 kcal inclusive. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) From Baseline Through Follow-Up | The GPAQ was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for physical activity surveillance. It collects information on physical activity participation in three settings (or domains) as well as sedentary behavior. The domains are: activity at work, travel to and from places, and recreational activities. The summary measure will be the sum of all moderate and vigorous activity per week (measured in hours) for the domains mentioned with a higher score indicating more physical activity. | The reduced number at follow-up reflects participants that did not return for the measurement visit and those who did not report any moderate or vigorous activity. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | hours/week | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Weight Loss Self-Efficacy From Baseline Through Follow-Up | The Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire Short-Form (WEL-SF1) is a short version of the original Weight-Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire and includes 8 questions and 1 situational component representing "confidence in ability to resist eating." Three of the questions are related to emotional eating situations, two to availability, one to social pressure, one to positive activities, and one to physical discomfort. Scoring: The instrument range scores on a Likert-scale from 0 (not at all confident) to 10 (very confident), with sum scores between 0 and 80. High scores are associated with high eating self-efficacy. | Data reported for all participants who returned for follow-up measures. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Dietary Self-Regulation From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Treatment Self-regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) measures the quality of motivation for a particular health goal. Motivation is psychological energy directed at a particular goal such as weight loss. The autonomous self-regulation sub-scale of the TSRQ was used.This 6-item scale will focus on the reasons why people would either start eating a healthier diet or continue to do so. Scoring: Participants rate each statement on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all true) to 7 (very true). It assesses the degree to which a person's motivation for eating a healthy diet is autonomous or self-determined. Possible scores range from 6 to 42 wtih higher scores indicating greater motivation. | Data reported for all participants who returned for follow-up measures. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Eating Attitudes From Baseline Through Follow-Up (Cognitive Restraint) | The Cognitive Restraint subscale of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire has 6 items and measures one of the three dimensions of eating attitudes. The instrument scoring range for each item is based on a Likert-scale from 1 (definitely false) to 4 (definitely true) with scores ranging from 6 and 24. Higher scores indicate greater cognitive restraint. | Data reported for all participants who returned for follow-up measures. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Eating Attitudes From Baseline Through Follow-Up (Uncontrolled Eating) | The uncontrolled eating subscale of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire has 9 items and measures one of the three dimensions of eating attitudes. The instrument scoring range for each item is based on a Likert-scale from 1 (definitely false) to 4 (definitely true) with scores ranging from 9 and 36. Higher scores indicate greater uncontrolled eating. | Data reported for all participants who returned for follow-up measures. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Eating Attitudes From Baseline Through Follow-Up (Emotional Eating) | The emotional eating subscale of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire has 3 items and measures one of the three dimensions of eating attitudes. The instrument scoring range for each item is based on a Likert-scale from 1 (definitely false) to 4 (definitely true) with scores ranging from 3 and 12. Higher scores indicate greater emotional eating. | Data reported for all participants who returned for follow-up measures. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Diet Self-Efficacy From Baseline Through Follow-Up | Perceived self-efficacy is regarded as a suitable predictor of reported health behaviors. This 5-item scale of perceived self-efficacy measures self-efficacy related to healthful eating behaviors. Responses are on a 4-point scale of 'very uncertain' to 'very certain.' Total scores range from 5-20 with higher scores indicating higher perceived self-efficacy. | Data reported for all participants who returned for follow-up measures. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Mean Change in Self-Weighing Behaviors From Baseline Through Follow-Up | EARLY Self-Weighing Questionnaire: This is a 1-item screener measures frequency of self-weighing. It was adapted from the Pound of Prevention Health Habits Questionnaire. Those reporting a higher weighing frequency had greater 24-month weight loss or less weight gain. Scoring: Higher scores indicate higher frequency of self-weighing. Responses are based on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 = never; 2 = once a year or less; 3= every couple of months; 4 = about once a month; 5 = about once a week; 6 = about once a day; and 7 = more than once a day. | Data reported for all participants who returned for follow-up measures. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, Month 4, 12, and 24 |
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| Secondary | Economic Outcome--Incremental Cost-Effectiveness | Computed as the incremental cost per kilogram of weight loss relative to control. The budgetary assessment will quantify the total and per participant costs of intervention delivery from the health system perspective using an Activity Based Costing (ABC) approach and cost tracking forms that the health economist (Finkelstein) has developed and refined in past behavioral trials. Using this approach, all relevant labor, materials and supplies, contracted services, and other relevant costs required to deliver the interventions will be captured by key activities | Posted | Number | U.S. dollars/Kg | Month 24 |
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| Secondary | Economic Outcome--Incremental Cost Per Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) Gained | The numerator for this analysis will be the incremental program delivery costs of the intervention relative to control, minus any cost offsets based on differences in health services and medication use across arms. The denominator will be the incremental QALYs based on average differences in Euro Quality of Life five Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) scores across arms collected at each assessment point. These scores can be used to quantify net QALY differences during the intervention period. EQ-5D-5L scale measures patients' quality of healthy living. It has 5 items (Mobility, Self-care, Usual activities, Pain/discomfort, Depression/anxiety). The score calculation of the European Five-Dimensional Health Scale is based on the calculation formula published by the EuroQol Group. Based on 5 combinations of different severity levels, a score of 0 to 1 is obtained. 0 is the least healthy and 1 is the most healthy. | Posted | Number | U.S. dollars per QALY | Month 24 |
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| 0 |
| 182 |
| 24 |
| 182 |
| 27 |
| 182 |
| EG001 | Augmented Usual Care (WW) | The intervention that will be offered to control group participants is WW™ (also known as Weight Watchers). The study will provide access to the 'Workshop + Digital' option of WW™ during the 2 year intervention. WW: If participants are randomized to WW™, they will have access to both the workshop and digital components of the WW™ program for 2 years. The workshop component includes the option of attending weekly group meeting at a WW™ studio (local WW™ office). The digital component can be accessed using the WW™ website or the smart phone App. The study research staff will provide basic instructions on how to use the WW™ digital resources. | 0 | 178 | 10 | 178 | 31 | 178 |
| Depression | Psychiatric disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Chest Pain | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Subdural Hematoma | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Atrial fibrillation | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Meningitis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
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| Seizure | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Osteomyelitis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
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| Abscess | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
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| Dysphasia | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Cellulitis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
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| Hip Fracture | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Acute Cholecystitis | Hepatobiliary disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Lung nodule | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Low back pain | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Superventricular Tachycardia (SVT) | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Intrabdominal hematoma secondary to bike accident | Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Systematic Assessment |
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| Heart failure | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Birth by Caesarian Section | Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions | Systematic Assessment |
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| Possible Stroke | Vascular disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Fall while intoxicated | Psychiatric disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Gastroenteritis | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Left sided weakness | Psychiatric disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Fell out of Bed | Psychiatric disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Alcohol abuse | Psychiatric disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Aspiration | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Ehrlichiosis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
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| Preeclampsia | Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions | Systematic Assessment |
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| Induction of Labor | Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions | Systematic Assessment |
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| Septoplasty | Surgical and medical procedures | Systematic Assessment |
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| Arthrodesis | Surgical and medical procedures | Systematic Assessment |
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| Cervical stenosis | Surgical and medical procedures | Systematic Assessment |
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| Laminectomy | Surgical and medical procedures | Systematic Assessment |
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| Surgery with finding of diffuse astrocytoma | Surgical and medical procedures | Systematic Assessment |
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| Cervical myelopathy | Surgical and medical procedures | Systematic Assessment |
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| Sleeve gastrectomy | Surgical and medical procedures | Systematic Assessment |
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| Knee arthroplasty | Surgical and medical procedures | Systematic Assessment |
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| Elective hysterectomy | Surgical and medical procedures | Systematic Assessment |
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| Cerebral spinal fluid leak | Surgical and medical procedures | Systematic Assessment |
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| Hemicholectomy | Surgical and medical procedures | Systematic Assessment |
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| Spinal stenosis | Surgical and medical procedures | Systematic Assessment |
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| Dizziness | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| D005159 |
| Health Care Facilities Workforce and Services |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| 0.67 |
| Superiority |
| Participants without diabetes-Baseline, Month 4 |
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| Females-Baseline, Month 4 |
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| Males-Baseline, Month 4 |
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| Whites-Baseline, Month 4 |
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| African Americans-Baseline, Month 4 |
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| Participants with diabetes-Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Participants without diabetes-Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Females-Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Males-Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Whites-Baseline, Month 12 |
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| African Americans-Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Participants with diabetes-Baseline, Month 24 |
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| Participants without diabetes-Baseline, Month 24 |
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| Females-Baseline, Month 24 |
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| Males-Baseline, Month 24 |
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| Whites-Baseline, Month 24 |
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| African Americans-Baseline, Month 24 |
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| <0.0001 |
| Superiority |
| Participants with diabetes-Month 12 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.82 | Superiority |
| Participants without diabetes-Month 12 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.75 | Superiority |
| Participants with diabetes-Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.87 | Superiority |
| Participants without diabetes-Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.27 | Superiority |
| Females-Month 4 | t-test, 2 sided | <0.0001 | Superiority |
| Females-Month 12 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.66 | Superiority |
| Females-Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.96 | Superiority |
| Males-Month 4 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.0003 | Superiority |
| Males-Month 12 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.34 | Superiority |
| Males-Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.20 | Superiority |
| Whites-Month 4 | t-test, 2 sided | <0.0001 | Superiority |
| Whites-Month 12 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.83 | Superiority |
| Whites-Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.54 | Superiority |
| African Americans-Month 4 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.008 | Superiority |
| African Americans-Month 12 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.58 | Superiority |
| African Americans-Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.79 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.57 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.32 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.48 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.68 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.52 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.97 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| Superiority |
| Month 12 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.09 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.77 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.94 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.83 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.44 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.71 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.44 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.42 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.02 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.56 |
| Superiority |
| t-test, 2 sided | 0.50 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| t-test, 2 sided |
| 0.88 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24, comparison performed on log base 2 transformation of fluorescence data. | t-test, 2 sided | 0.29 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| t-test, 2 sided |
| 0.25 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24, comparison performed on log base 2 transformation of fluorescence data. | t-test, 2 sided | 0.48 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.51 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.91 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.68 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.64 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| <0.0001 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.005 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.40 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.82 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.03 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.28 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.03 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.005 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.16 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.27 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.01 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.06 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.24 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.74 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| 0.10 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | 0.12 | Superiority |
| Baseline, Month 12 |
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| Baseline, Month 24 |
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| <0.001 |
| Superiority |
| Month 24 | t-test, 2 sided | <0.001 | Superiority |