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Empagliflozin vs. Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1-RA) Cost of Care Study: a German claims data analysis
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| All patients who started an Empagliflozin therapy | All participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Empagliflozin (EMPA) between 2015 - 2018 from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. |
| |
| All patients who started a DPP-4 inhibitor (specifically Sitagliptin) therapy | All participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (DPP-4i) (specifically Sitagliptin) between 2015 - 2018 from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. |
| |
| All patients who started a GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy | All participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA) between 2015 - 2018 from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Empagliflozin | Drug | film coated tablet |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Direct Healthcare Cost | The direct healthcare cost is reported, including inpatient cost, outpatient cost, medication cost, and total cost. Patients starting Empagliflozin (EMPA) versus either Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP-4i), Sitagliptin (SITA) or Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA) were matched 1:1 based on a propensity score using a nearest-neighbor matching algorithm without replacement and a maximum caliper of 0.001. The propensity scores were derived by logistic regression models estimating the probability of a patient belonging to the different treatment groups (three estimations: EMPA versus DPP-4i, EMPA versus SITA, and EMPA versus GLP-1-RA). The cost per observed patient year is calculated as the sum of the cost/ sum of the observed time [year] over all patients. Final values were rounded to the nearest digit. | Dataset included all adult persons, who were continuously insured between 01 january 2014 until 31 december 2018 (except for death), approximately a 4 year period. |
| Healthcare Resource Utilization | Healthcare resource utilization includes hospitalizations, hospital stays. outpatient visits, and rehabilitation stays. | Dataset included all adult persons, who were continuously insured between 01 january 2014 until 31 december 2018 (except for death), approximately a 4 year period. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Indirect Healthcare Costs (Including Indirect Costs of Days Absent From Work) | Indirect healthcare costs (including indirect costs of days absent from work) includes indirect costs for hospitalization, outpatient visits, absent from work, and rehabilitation stays. | Dataset included all adult persons, who were continuously insured between 01 january 2014 until 31 december 2018 (except for death), approximately a 4 year period. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
At least one prescription of a sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT-2i), DPP-4i or GLP-1-RA in the baseline period (01/01/2014 - 31/12/2014)
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients who have been treated with either Empagliflozin, DPP-4i /Sitagliptin or GLP-1-RA (new users only, at least one prescription).
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boehringer Ingelheim | Ingelheim | 55216 | Germany |
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| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Related Info | View source |
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Clinical studies sponsored by Boehringer Ingelheim, phases I to IV, interventional and non-interventional, are in scope for sharing of the raw clinical study data and clinical study documents. Exceptions might apply, e.g. studies in products where Boehringer Ingelheim is not the license holder; studies regarding pharmaceutical formulations and associated analytical methods, and studies pertinent to pharmacokinetics using human biomaterials; studies conducted in a single center or targeting rare diseases (in case of low number of patients and therefore limitations with anonymization).
For more details refer to: https://www.mystudywindow.com/msw/datatransparency
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All subjects who strictly met all inclusion and none of the exclusion criteria were included in the study.
This retrospective study was to compare healthcare cost associated with different antidiabetic drug treatments among the incident users of Empagliflozin (EMPA), any Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) (specifically Sitagliptin) or any Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA), based on data covering 2015 - 2018 from Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | All Patients Who Started an Empagliflozin Therapy | All participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Empagliflozin (EMPA) between 2015 - 2018 from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jan 20, 2020 |
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| DPP-4i |
| Drug |
film coated tablets, specifically Sitagliptin |
|
| GLP-1-RA | Drug | subcutaneous injection or tablet |
|
| FG001 | All Patients Who Started a DPP-4 Inhibitor (Specifically Sitagliptin) Therapy | All participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (DPP-4i) (specifically Sitagliptin) between 2015 - 2018 from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. |
| FG002 | All Patients Who Started a GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy | All participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA) between 2015 - 2018 from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. |
| Patients Who Started a Sitagliptin Therapy |
|
| COMPLETED |
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| NOT COMPLETED |
|
All eligible participants in this study.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | All Patients Who Started an Empagliflozin Therapy | All participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Empagliflozin (EMPA) between 2015 - 2018 from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. |
| BG001 | All Patients Who Started a DPP-4 Inhibitor (Specifically Sitagliptin) Therapy | All participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (DPP-4i) (specifically Sitagliptin) between 2015 - 2018 from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. |
| BG002 | All Patients Who Started a GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy | All participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA) between 2015 - 2018 from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | Years |
| ||||||||||
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
| |||||||||||
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant. | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Direct Healthcare Cost | The direct healthcare cost is reported, including inpatient cost, outpatient cost, medication cost, and total cost. Patients starting Empagliflozin (EMPA) versus either Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP-4i), Sitagliptin (SITA) or Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA) were matched 1:1 based on a propensity score using a nearest-neighbor matching algorithm without replacement and a maximum caliper of 0.001. The propensity scores were derived by logistic regression models estimating the probability of a patient belonging to the different treatment groups (three estimations: EMPA versus DPP-4i, EMPA versus SITA, and EMPA versus GLP-1-RA). The cost per observed patient year is calculated as the sum of the cost/ sum of the observed time [year] over all patients. Final values were rounded to the nearest digit. | All eligible participants in this study, with non-missing outcome measures, and matched via propensity score adjusting for potential differences in patient characteristics and prior disease and treatment history among cohorts. The Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) group and the Sitagliptin group are not mutually exclusive. | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Euro / patient-year | Dataset included all adult persons, who were continuously insured between 01 january 2014 until 31 december 2018 (except for death), approximately a 4 year period. |
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| Primary | Healthcare Resource Utilization | Healthcare resource utilization includes hospitalizations, hospital stays. outpatient visits, and rehabilitation stays. | Relevant data for the outcome measure were not collected in the GMQ dataset because GWQ´s quality assurance decided not to integrate several sub-datasets into GWQ´s dataset due to heterogeneity and low coding-quality of out-patient diagnoses and high variability in size, structure, and quality of specific items in individual sickness funds data. | Posted | Dataset included all adult persons, who were continuously insured between 01 january 2014 until 31 december 2018 (except for death), approximately a 4 year period. |
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| Secondary | Indirect Healthcare Costs (Including Indirect Costs of Days Absent From Work) | Indirect healthcare costs (including indirect costs of days absent from work) includes indirect costs for hospitalization, outpatient visits, absent from work, and rehabilitation stays. | Relevant data for the outcome measure were not collected in the GMQ dataset because GWQ´s quality assurance decided not to integrate several sub-datasets into GWQ´s dataset due to heterogeneity and low coding-quality of out-patient diagnoses and high variability in size, structure, and quality of specific items in individual sickness funds data. | Posted | Dataset included all adult persons, who were continuously insured between 01 january 2014 until 31 december 2018 (except for death), approximately a 4 year period. |
|
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This is a non-interventional study using electronic health care records, with data retrieved from Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ). The adverse events were not planned to be collected and reported. The "0" in the All-Cause Mortality, Serious Adverse Events, and Other (non-serious) Adverse Events sections refers to "not applicable".
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | All Patients Who Started an Empagliflozin Therapy | All participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Empagliflozin (EMPA) between 2015 - 2018 from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EG001 | All Patients Who Started a DPP-4 Inhibitor (Specifically Sitagliptin) Therapy | All participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (DPP-4i) (specifically Sitagliptin) between 2015 - 2018 from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EG002 | All Patients Who Started a GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy | All participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA) between 2015 - 2018 from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Relevant data for the outcome measure were not collected in the GMQ dataset. The general reason for missing data in GWQ´s dataset is insufficient data quality. First, coding-quality of out-patient diagnoses in Germany is heterogenous and generally low. Second, data from GWQ´s individual sickness funds highly differ in size, structure, and quality of specific items. Due to this, GWQ´s quality assurance decided not to integrate several sub-datasets into GWQ´s dataset.
Boehringer Ingelheim (BI) acknowledges that investigators have the right to publish the study results.
Investigators shall provide BI with a copy of any publication or presentation for review prior to any submission. Such review will be done with regard to proprietary information, information related to patentable inventions, medical, scientific, and statistical accuracy within 60 days.
BI may request a delay of the publication in order to protect BI's intellectual property rights.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boehringer Ingelheim Call Center | Boehringer Ingelheim | 1-800-243-0127 | clintriage.rdg@boehringer-ingelheim.com |
| Sep 26, 2022 |
| Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| C570240 | empagliflozin |
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| OG004 | Empagliflozin (Matched to Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1-RA)) | This cohort includes participants prescribed empagliflozin and who were matched to Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA) cohort via propensity score matching adjusting for potential differences in patient characteristics and prior disease and treatment history between the two cohorts. |
| OG005 | Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1-RA) (Matched) | Matched participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA) between 2015 - 2018 before this study start from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. This cohort includes participants prescribed GLP-1-RA and who were matched to Empagliflozin cohort via propensity score matching adjusting for potential differences in patient characteristics and prior disease and treatment history between the two cohorts. |
| Inpatient |
|
| Outpatient |
|
| Medication |
|
Total cost comparison.
| Bang and Tsiatis |
| < 0.001 |
| Other |
Group differences in the costs incurred after treatment initiation were evaluated based on an incremental cost approach using the Bang and Tsiatis estimator with possibly censored data. |
| Total cost comparison. | Bang and Tsiatis | < 0.001 | Other | Group differences in the costs incurred after treatment initiation were evaluated based on an incremental cost approach using the Bang and Tsiatis estimator with possibly censored data. |
| Inpatient cost comparison | Bang and Tsiatis | < 0.001 | Other | Group differences in the costs incurred after treatment initiation were evaluated based on an incremental cost approach using the Bang and Tsiatis estimator with possibly censored data. |
| Inpatient cost comparison. | Bang and Tsiatis | < 0.001 | Other | Group differences in the costs incurred after treatment initiation were evaluated based on an incremental cost approach using the Bang and Tsiatis estimator with possibly censored data. |
| Inpatient cost comparison | Bang and Tsiatis | 0.126 | Other | Group differences in the costs incurred after treatment initiation were evaluated based on an incremental cost approach using the Bang and Tsiatis estimator with possibly censored data. |
| Outpatient cost comparison. | Bang and Tsiatis | < 0.001 | Other | Group differences in the costs incurred after treatment initiation were evaluated based on an incremental cost approach using the Bang and Tsiatis estimator with possibly censored data. |
| Outpatient cost comparison. | Bang and Tsiatis | < 0.001 | Other | Group differences in the costs incurred after treatment initiation were evaluated based on an incremental cost approach using the Bang and Tsiatis estimator with possibly censored data. |
| Outpatient cost comparison. | Bang and Tsiatis | < 0.001 | Other | Group differences in the costs incurred after treatment initiation were evaluated based on an incremental cost approach using the Bang and Tsiatis estimator with possibly censored data. |
| Medication cost comparison. | Bang and Tsiatis | < 0.001 | Other | Group differences in the costs incurred after treatment initiation were evaluated based on an incremental cost approach using the Bang and Tsiatis estimator with possibly censored data. |
| Medication cost comparison. | Bang and Tsiatis | < 0.001 | Other | Group differences in the costs incurred after treatment initiation were evaluated based on an incremental cost approach using the Bang and Tsiatis estimator with possibly censored data. |
| Medication cost comparison. | Bang and Tsiatis | < 0.001 | Other | Group differences in the costs incurred after treatment initiation were evaluated based on an incremental cost approach using the Bang and Tsiatis estimator with possibly censored data. |
Matched participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (DPP-4i) between 2015 - 2018 before this study start from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. This cohort includes participants prescribed DPP-4i and who were matched to Empagliflozin cohort via propensity score matching adjusting for potential differences in patient characteristics and prior disease and treatment history between the two cohorts. |
| OG002 | Empagliflozin (Matched to Sitagliptin (SITA)) | This cohort includes participants prescribed empagliflozin and who were matched to Sitagliptin (SITA) cohort via propensity score matching adjusting for potential differences in patient characteristics and prior disease and treatment history between the two cohorts. |
| OG003 | Sitagliptin (SITA) (Matched) | Matched participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Sitagliptin between 2015 - 2018 before this study start from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. This cohort includes participants prescribed SITA and who were matched to Empagliflozin cohort via propensity score matching adjusting for potential differences in patient characteristics and prior disease and treatment history between the two cohorts. |
| OG004 | Empagliflozin (Matched to Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1-RA)) | This cohort includes participants prescribed empagliflozin and who were matched to Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA) cohort via propensity score matching adjusting for potential differences in patient characteristics and prior disease and treatment history between the two cohorts. |
| OG005 | Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1-RA) (Matched) | Matched participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA) between 2015 - 2018 before this study start from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. This cohort includes participants prescribed GLP-1-RA and who were matched to Empagliflozin cohort via propensity score matching adjusting for potential differences in patient characteristics and prior disease and treatment history between the two cohorts. |
|
| Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor (DPP-4i) (Matched) |
Matched participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (DPP-4i) between 2015 - 2018 before this study start from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. This cohort includes participants prescribed DPP-4i and who were matched to Empagliflozin cohort via propensity score matching adjusting for potential differences in patient characteristics and prior disease and treatment history between the two cohorts. |
| OG002 | Empagliflozin (Matched to Sitagliptin (SITA)) | This cohort includes participants prescribed empagliflozin and who were matched to Sitagliptin (SITA) cohort via propensity score matching adjusting for potential differences in patient characteristics and prior disease and treatment history between the two cohorts. |
| OG003 | Sitagliptin (SITA) (Matched) | Matched participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Sitagliptin between 2015 - 2018 before this study start from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. This cohort includes participants prescribed SITA and who were matched to Empagliflozin cohort via propensity score matching adjusting for potential differences in patient characteristics and prior disease and treatment history between the two cohorts. |
| OG004 | Empagliflozin (Matched to Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1-RA)) | This cohort includes participants prescribed empagliflozin and who were matched to Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA) cohort via propensity score matching adjusting for potential differences in patient characteristics and prior disease and treatment history between the two cohorts. |
| OG005 | Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1-RA) (Matched) | Matched participants who met the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria of this study, who had at least two outpatient diagnoses and/or one inpatient diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and received at least one outpatient prescription with Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA) between 2015 - 2018 before this study start from the Gesellschaft für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Krankenkassen (GWQ) dataset. This cohort includes participants prescribed GLP-1-RA and who were matched to Empagliflozin cohort via propensity score matching adjusting for potential differences in patient characteristics and prior disease and treatment history between the two cohorts. |
|