Using a technique called adaptive optics imaging applied on retina, investigators aim to gain access to vascular changes that could occur early in the course of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and which could reflect vascular changes occurring along the optic nerve of the brain parenchyma. Indeed, our team has been able to develop a quantitative method to measure the perivascular infiltrate in the retina of patients with various inflammatory retinal disease. It has been observed in MS patients that this perivascular infiltrate can also be detected in the retina. However, its distribution across MS phenotypes (relapsing or progressive MS, with and without optic neuritis) is still unknown.

This is a monocentric pathophysiological, interventional, prospective, open label, non-randomized pilot study which aims to identify in patients with MS at different stages if the presence of retinal perivascular inflammation can be detected and quantified using adaptive optics, which is a non-invasive examination.

Investigators will recruit MS patients in 3 subgroups, depending on their phenotype (Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) without optic neuritis, RRMS with optic neuritis, progressive MS), with 15 patients in each group.

15 healthy volunteers (HV) will also be enrolled.

The comparison of these groups is necessary to determine if there are significant differences, allowing us to highlight biomarkers in MS patients in order to enable highly efficient and robust trials designs in the future.

To test the hypothesis, the study has 3 visits over 6 months (M0, M3 and M6). Neurological evaluation, blood sample, imaging, ophthalmologic evaluation and Adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy assessments will be performed.

Inclusion Criteria:

Group 1:

• Age between 18 and 60 years old.
• Relapsing remitting MS (criteria of McDonald 2017)
• Less than 10 years of disease duration
• Subject who has never presented a clinical episode of optic neuritis
• Affiliation to a social security scheme or beneficiary of such a scheme

Group 2:

• Age between 18 and 60 years old
• Relapsing remitting MS (criteria of McDonald 2017)
• Less than 10 years of disease duration
• Subject presenting an acute episode of retrobulbar optic neuritis within 3 months from onset
• After optimal treatment for the retrobulbar optic neuritis
• Affiliation to a social security scheme or beneficiary of such a scheme

Group 3:

• Age between 18 and 60 years old
• Primary or Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis within 10 years of progressive phase;
• Affiliation to a social security scheme or beneficiary of such a scheme

Group 4 (Healthy Subjects):

• Age between 18 and 60 years old
• Affiliation to a social security scheme or beneficiary of such a scheme

Exclusion Criteria:

For all patients (Group 1; 2; 3):

• Corticosteroid treatment within one month from inclusion
• Other neurological, ophthalmologic or systemic disease;
• Severe symptoms of uncontrolled chronic disease (renal, hepatic, hematologic, gastro-intestinal, pulmonary or cardiac or any intercurrent uncontrolled disease at inclusion)
• Severe renal dysfunction (glomerular filtration rate < 30mL/min). This non-inclusion criteria will be verified by serum creatinine test within six months from inclusion;
• Contraindication for MRI;
• Pregnancy or breast-feeding;
• Unwillingness to be informed in case of abnormal MRI (with a significant medical anomaly)
• Incapacity to understand or sign the consent form;
• Adults legally protected (under judicial protection, guardianship, or supervision), persons deprived of their liberty.

For healthy subjects (Group 4):

• Neurological, ophthalmologic or systemic disease;
• Severe symptoms of uncontrolled chronic disease (renal, hepatic, hematologic, gastro-intestinal, pulmonary or cardiac or any intercurrent uncontrolled disease at inclusion);
• Contraindication for MRI;
• Pregnancy or breast-feeding;
• Unwillingness to be informed in case of abnormal MRI (with a significant medical anomaly)
• Incapacity to understand or sign the consent form;
• Adults legally protected (under judicial protection, guardianship, or supervision), persons deprived of their liberty.