Prospective, multi-center, randomized controlled trial studying infection rate with or without prophylactic antibiotics at the time of closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures.

The goal of the SPAS trial will be to determine the role of prophylactic antibiotics in closed reduction and percutaneous fixation of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. The study will be designed as a prospective, double-blinded, two-arm, non-inferiority trial. The control arm will receive standard of care preoperative prophylactic antibiotics. The intervention group will receive a preoperative saline placebo. The primary outcome of the study will be the development of a surgical site infection, including all infections both superficial and deep. Secondary outcomes will include rate and type of post-operative complications in either group, to account for any drug-related adverse outcomes. The hypothesis is that this surgery is safe to perform without prophylactic antibiotics, and the investigators anticipate finding no difference in infection rates between the two groups. Inclusion criteria will consist of an isolated, closed, displaced supracondylar humerus fracture treated with closed reduction and temporary percutaneous pinning. Immunocompromised patients, pathological fractures, open fractures, polytrauma, skeletally mature patients, and those treated primarily with open reduction or those converted to open reduction will be excluded. Because of the low infection rate observed in this type of surgery, the sample size for the study is estimated at 600 patients per arm for adequate power. With a multicenter design, the expectation will be enrollment over the course of 1-2 years with a follow up of approximately 3 months post-surgical intervention per participant.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Closed, isolated extension type supracondylar humerus fracture, Gartland type 2, 3, or 4

Exclusion Criteria:

• Inability to secure consent
• Open fractures
• Polytrauma
• Pathologic fractures
• Flexion type fracture
• Associated compartment syndrome
• Allergy to cefazolin which precludes its use
• Skeletally mature patients or patients greater than 18 years of age
• Medical comorbidities including immunocompromised state, active infection, and any associated bone, endocrine, or neoplastic conditions contributing to local or generalized abnormal bone mineralization.
• Inability to attain satisfactory reduction and fixation via closed manipulation, resulting in conversion to open reduction

All data will be de-identified prior to sharing amongst participating researchers. Each participating site will maintain a spreadsheet of participants with their study identification numbers. This information will be de-identified prior to sharing with the PI and safety monitor at LHS. This will occur at a midterm assessment for safety, as well as at the completion of data collection when it is time to process and analyze the data.

'study drug' will be prepared by a participating pharmacist and labeled with a study identification number. The drug will be otherwise not labeled with regard to the arm of the study. This will be delivered to the operating room and administered to the patient. The patient will be entered into a spreadsheet with the study identification number to be used later to evaluate the data. The enrolling/consenting surgeon, and the patient and consenting family member, will be masked to the arm of the study throughout.