Erector Spinae Block Versus PECS Block Type II for Breast Surgeries: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Erector Spinae Block Versus PECS Block Type II for Breast Surgeries: a Randomized Controlled Trial
The purpose of this randomized, controlled prospective study is to compare the analgesic effect of US-guided ESP block versus PECs block in patients undergoing breast surgery for breast cancer in the National Cancer Institute, Cairo University. We aim to evaluate the postoperative pain intensity and opioid consumption within 24 hours
This prospective, randomized controlled trial will include 30 adult female patients below 65 years of age scheduled for surgery for breast cancer. Inclusion criteria will include also American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II and unilateral surgery. Exclusion criteria will include obesity defined as body mass index > 35 kg/m2), known allergy to the study drugs, coagulopathy, skin infection at the site of needle puncture, and recent use of opioid drugs.
Patients will be assessed the day before surgery in a preoperative visit for evaluation of their medical status and laboratory investigations. They will be informed about the technique of the blocks and written informed consents will be obtained. All patients will be informed how to report pain on a numeric rating scale (NRS) ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). In the pre-anesthetic room, midazolam 0.02 mg/kg IV will be given to the patients for sedation after fixation of a 20 G cannula as an IV line. Randomization will be done using consecutively numbered opaque sealed envelopes. Patients will be randomized into two groups according to the type of analgesia. The first group will receive single-shot ESP block (ESP group) and the other group will receive PECs II block (PECs group).
ESP technique:
ESP block will be performed in following standardized monitoring, including noninvasive blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and pulse oximetry. It will be done unilaterally with the patient in the prone position about 20 min before induction of general anesthesia. Skin is prepared by 10% povidone iodine. The US probe will be covered with a sterile cover. All blocks will be by the same anesthesiologists who are experienced in US-guided nerve blocks. An ultrasound machine with a large bandwidth, multifrequency convex probe (1-8 MHz) will be used for block performance. A 22G, 50-mm, insulated facet type needle will be used during all blocks. The blocks will be performed at the T4 level of the spine using an in-plane approach. A convex probe will be placed 2-3 cm laterally to the spine using a sagittal approach. Once the erector spinae muscle and the transverse processes is identified, the needle will be inserted deep into the muscle. The needle will be directed from a cranial to a caudal direction. Following confirmation of the correct position of the needle tip with administration of 0.5-1 ml of local anesthetic, 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine will be administered for block performance. Distribution of local anesthetic will be observed in both cranial and caudal directions.
PECs II block Technique:
The block will be done unilaterally about 20 min before induction of general anesthesia. Under standardized monitoring, the patient is put in the supine position with the ipsilateral arm abducted and externally rotated and the elbow flexed 90 degrees. The skin over the ipsilateral clavicle and small area below it is done by betadine. The high frequency probe is put in the ipsilateral clavipectoral triangle between the clavicle medially and above and the shoulder joint laterally. The pectoralis major and minor and the plane between them are identified. The probe is tilted caudally to identify the pulsating thoracoacromial artery or its pectoral branch. The skin at the point of entry is infiltrated by xylocaine 1% then the needle is advanced in an in plane technique targeting the space in which the artery is located. Two cm of normal saline is injected to confirm the location and produce dissection. Then, 10 ml of bupivacaine 0.25% with epinephrine 2.5 µg/ml is injected. Propofol is given in 20 mg boluses followed by normal saline flush to produce more sedation just before injecting the bupivacaine because dissection is painful. Then the probe is moved laterally and caudally towards the anterior axillary fold parallel to the deltopectoral groove till the serratus muscle slips appear underneath the pec minor attached to the underlying ribs. The 3rd and 4th ribs and the pleura are identified. After infiltration of the skin with xylocaine 1% the needle is advanced in plane targeting the plane between pec minor and serratus at the level of the third rib. Two ml of normal saline is injected for confirmation of the needle tip then 20 ml of bupivacaine 0.25% with epinephrine 2.5 µg /ml is injected. A pinprick test is done after 15 minutes to assess sensory block compared to the unblocked contralateral side. A block is considered unsuccessful and the patient is excluded from the study if the site of surgical incision is not blocked after 20 min of LA injection.
General anesthesia Standard anesthesia monitoring will be applied, and induction of general anesthesia will be carried out by using fentanyl (1µg/kg) IV, propofol (2 mg/kg) IV and cisatracurium (0.15mg/kg) IV. Paracetamol 1 gm/100 ml IV infusion and ketolac 30 mg IV slowly is given before surgical incision. Paracetamol 1 gm/100 ml IV infusion is given every 8 hours and ketolac 30 mg every 12 hours. Anesthesia will be maintained by sevoflurane 2% in O2 and supplemental doses of cisatracurium (0.03 mg/kg) IV as indicated by peripheral nerve stimulator by appearance of the second twitch of the train of four (TOF). Additional bolus doses of fentanyl 0.5 µg /kg will be given if the mean arterial blood pressure and/or heart rate rise above 20% of baseline. The patients will receive fluids in order to replace their fluid deficit, maintenance and losses, and will be mechanically ventilated at appropriate setting that keep end-tidal CO2 at 30-35 mmHg. Hypotension will be treated with 0.9% normal saline, 6% hetastarch in saline and/or 5mg ephedrine in incremental doses in order to maintain mean blood pressure above 70 mmHg. Recovery will be carried out after closure of surgical wound by turning off sevoflurane vaporizer and reversal will be given after TOF ratio becomes 0.7 and fully awake extubation will be done and then the patient will be transferred to post anesthesia care unit (PACU)
In the PACU, VAS is assessed by a nurse blinded to the intervention done. It will be assessed immediately postoperative, and then 1, 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours post-extubation. Patients will be given 2 mg morphine slowly IV when VAS > 3, repeated 2 times if required (total 3 boluses) to keep VAS ≤ 3, at least 10 minutes between each bolus, then 1 mg morphine is given slowly IV if required, at least 15 minutes between each bolus. Nausea and/or vomiting are treated by metoclopramide 10 mg/8 hours slowly IV. Incidences of nausea and vomiting, and total morphine consumption during the 24-h postoperative period were recorded.
The primary outcome measure of the study will be total morphine consumption during the first 24 postoperative hours. The secondary outcome measures will be duration of analgesia, postoperative pain scores up to 24 hours postoperative, and occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: