The aim of this program of research is to develop and pilot the CARE (Community treatment Adherence at Re-Entry) program, an adjunctive intervention for incarcerated individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) transitioning from prison to the community.

The purpose of this proposed project is to establish the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of this newly developed intervention on symptom outcomes in a small pilot randomized controlled feasibility trial.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a serious, disabling, and highly recurrent illness that is disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system. BD increases risk for several adverse outcomes for prisoners, including mood instability, suicide attempts, substance use relapse, and high rates of repeat incarceration. Despite these serious negative consequences, up to 70% of prisoners with BD do not receive mental health treatment upon prison release. Lack of engagement in ongoing mental health treatment for BD upon community re-entry represents one potent factor that perpetuates risk for adverse outcomes, and consequences of untreated BD (e.g., impulsivity, substance use) may greatly exacerbate difficulties in establishing stable living conditions (e.g., adequate housing, legal employment) at community re-entry. Thus, there is a critical need for interventions to facilitate engagement with treatment for BD during this vulnerable transition.

To that end, the primary aim of this study is to develop and establish the feasibility and acceptability of the Community treatment Adherence at Re-Entry (CARE) program. CARE is an innovative intervention that will combine evidence-based cognitive-behavioral, family, and telephone outreach strategies to promote treatment engagement and improve clinical outcomes for prisoners with BD during the period of community re-entry. CARE will include 3 individual and 1 family session, followed by 11 brief telephone contacts for up to 6 months post-release. Given its moderate intensity, adjunctive nature, use of community mental health counselors, and use of telephone administration of post-release follow-up, CARE has been designed with an eye toward community implementation. Its proposed mechanisms of action (i.e., increasing values-action consistency, enhancing social supports, and linkage to community treatment services) are further well matched to the practical and clinical needs of re-entering individuals.

The aim of this research is to conduct a small pilot randomized controlled trial (n=40) of the CARE intervention compared to treatment as usual for prisoners with BD around the time of community re-entry. Assessments will occur at baseline, immediately pre-release, 4 weeks post-release, and 24 weeks post-release (post-treatment). This study will examine the feasibility and acceptability of CARE (e.g., update, adherence to, and completion of the CARE intervention, satisfaction with the intervention, understanding of intervention principles) and of this research design. This study will also examine treatment effects (within relevant confidence intervals) on outcomes (e.g., mood symptoms). Change in potential mechanisms (i.e., values-action consistency derived from intervention principles) will be examined.

Inclusion Criteria:

• DSM-5 diagnosis of bipolar I, bipolar II, or bipolar disorder not elsewhere classified
• Anticipated prison release within 4-10 weeks
• Expected release to locations anywhere in RI or to locations in other states within a 30 mile radius of Providence
• Aged 18 or older
• Willingness to sign an informed consent document that describes study procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

• Presence of current psychiatric symptoms severe enough to warrant separation from the general prison population
• Cognitive impairment sufficient to prevent successful completion of the baseline interview
• Inability to understand English sufficiently well to understand the consent form or assessment instruments when they are read aloud

Assessed from consent through 24 weeks post-release, up to 38 weeks

Adverse Event data was only collected from the main study participants. It was not collected from SOs.

Recruitment began 01/20/20 but was paused 03/12/20 due to COVID-related prison lockdowns. In consultation w/ RIDOC admin and Brown University IRB, an additional recruitment method was approved in which the prison provided referrals of individuals just released from prison, for approach by phone for post-release study enrollment; referral-based recruitment began 10/05/20.The study received permission to resume in-person recruitment in the prison on 09/18/21, per the original recruitment protocol.