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A study is proposed to test whether adding additional referees to youth soccer matches may reduce the risk of injury to the children playing soccer. Publicly-open youth soccer games will be randomly assigned to have either one or three referees and videotaped. The videotaped games will then be watched to record risk-taking behavior by players, referee decisions, and other factors relevant to potential injury.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 referees | Experimental | Three referees were present on the field during these youth soccer matches. |
|
| 1 referee | Active Comparator | One referee was present on the field during these youth soccer matches. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 referees present | Behavioral | We compared player behavior with one versus three referees present on youth soccer fields during match play. The time between these two matches ranged from a few hours to several weeks. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Average Number of Injuries During Soccer Matches | average number of injury events requiring player to leave the field or be attended by an adult, across all games in study | baseline through one hour, which is beginning of the game until the end of the game, averaged across games |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| David Schwebel, PhD | University of Alabama at Birmingham | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UAB Youth Safety Lab, University of Alabama at Birmingham | Birmingham | Alabama | 35294 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 32651582 | Derived | Schwebel DC, Long DL, McClure LA. Injuries on the Youth Soccer (Football) Field: Do Additional Referees Reduce Risk? Randomized Crossover Trial. J Pediatr Psychol. 2020 Aug 1;45(7):759-766. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa050. |
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Data will be shared with qualified experts upon request by email to study PI David Schwebel
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49 youth soccer teams were included this randomized crossover design. All completed both arms.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | 3 Referees First | Three referees were present on the field first during these youth soccer matches. 3 referees present: We compared player behavior with one versus three referees present on youth soccer fields during match play. The time between these two matches ranged from a few hours to several weeks. |
| FG001 | 1 Referee | One referee was present on the field first during these youth soccer matches. 1 referee present: We compared player behavior with one versus three referees present on youth soccer fields during match play. The time between these two matches ranged from a few hours to several weeks. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Referee Game (~1 Hour) |
| |||||||||||||
| 3 Referee Game (~1 Hour) |
|
youth soccer teams
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | 3 Referees | Three referees were present on the field during these youth soccer matches. 3 referees present: We compared player behavior with one versus three referees present on youth soccer fields during match play. The time between these two matches ranged from a few hours to several weeks. |
| BG001 |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Average Number of Injuries During Soccer Matches | average number of injury events requiring player to leave the field or be attended by an adult, across all games in study | youth soccer teams | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | average number of injuries per game | baseline through one hour, which is beginning of the game until the end of the game, averaged across games |
|
full study period of about 10 weeks
clinicaltrials.gov definition used
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | 3 Referees | Three referees were present on the field during these youth soccer matches. 3 referees present: We compared player behavior with one versus three referees present on youth soccer fields during match play. The time between these two matches ranged from a few hours to several weeks. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr David Schwebel, | University of Alabama at Birmingham | 205-934-4068 | schwebel@uab.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | May 8, 2020 | May 8, 2020 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| D001265 | Athletic Injuries |
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| 1 referee present | Other | We compared player behavior with one versus three referees present on youth soccer fields during match play. The time between these two matches ranged from a few hours to several weeks. |
|
| NOT COMPLETED |
|
| 1 Referee |
One referee was present on the field during these youth soccer matches. 1 referee present: We compared player behavior with one versus three referees present on youth soccer fields during match play. The time between these two matches ranged from a few hours to several weeks. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
One referee was present on the field during these youth soccer matches. 1 referee present: We compared player behavior with one versus three referees present on youth soccer fields during match play. The time between these two matches ranged from a few hours to several weeks. |
|
|
| 0 |
| 49 |
| 0 |
| 49 |
| 0 |
| 49 |
| EG001 | 1 Referee | One referee was present on the field during these youth soccer matches. 1 referee present: We compared player behavior with one versus three referees present on youth soccer fields during match play. The time between these two matches ranged from a few hours to several weeks. | 0 | 49 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 49 |
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