The purpose of this study is to:

1. Perform a retrospective analysis on data contained in the UCLA Perioperative Data Warehouse on the incidence of respiratory dysfunction in the post-operative care unit (PACU) before and after the introduction of sugammadex into clinical practice.
2. Develop and implement a clinical best practice pathway designed to prevent postoperative respiratory complications in higher risk patients (such as those with OSA or preexisting respiratory disease) using education and clinical decision support in patients.

This will be a historical prospective comparative effectiveness clinical trial where the investigators plan to leverage their experience in extracting data from the EMR as well as creating robust CDS pathways in order to create and implement a pathway to promote use of best respiratory care in patients receiving general anesthesia who are at increased risk for postoperative respiratory dysfunction. The overall study will consist of two parts:

1. Retrospective data analysis: The investigators will utilize the Perioperative Data Warehouse, a custom-built data warehouse, to study the effect of the introduction of sugammadex, a direct reversal agent for rocuronium, into clinical practice on time to "fitness for discharge" from the recovery room, as noted by the time the anesthesiologist places the discharge order, before and after intervention and postoperative respiratory dysfunction (as defined as duration of oxygen saturation below 90% in the PACU).
2. Creation and implementation of a pathway to prevent postoperative respiratory dysfunction: The investigators will design and implement a perioperative decision support system which will identify high-risk patients and provide best practice recommendations via electronic clinical decision support reminders.

Creation and implementation of a pathway to prevent postoperative respiratory dysfunction:

In order to improve outcomes for high-risk patients who receive general anesthesia and paralysis the investigators will design and implement a perioperative decision support system which will identify high-risk patients and provide best practice recommendations via electronic clinical decision support reminders. While the exact parameters of the pathway will be designed based upon feedback from a group of quality leaders in the department, in general the pathway will function as follows:

When the anesthesiologist completes the preoperative evaluation for a patient who is flagged as having either respiratory disease or OSA and will receive general anesthesia, the anesthesiologist will receive an alert reminding them of the best practice guidelines for pulmonary management in high-risk patients. As part of the study roll-out the investigators will present these guidelines with their quality committee, but anticipate that they will suggest 1) use of sugammadex to reverse neuromuscular blockade if rocuronium was used 2) use of objective train of four monitoring throughout the case and to confirm reversal 3) use of a tidal volume of 6-8 cc/kg 4) use of at least 5 cmH2O of PEEP.

The investigators anticipate running the prospective portion of the study for a one year data collection period. Specifically, they will allow a one month "wash out" period for pathway go live, followed by one year of data collection during which the pathway is live.

STUDY PROCEDURES

Pathway Design

The design of the pathway will undergo a well-established process that is designed to ensure buy-in and support from a large variety of providers within the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine at UCLA. The investigators will create a core group of individuals who represent key stakeholders in quality, informatics, and clinical decision making throughout our department. This group will be in charge of reviewing the existing literature and creating the pathway guidelines and associated decision support. The decision support will consist of preoperative alerts for high risk patients, intraoperative reminders for events such as ventilator settings and reversal as well as postoperative feedback on performance of identified best practices and outcomes. This pathway will include the recommendation of the use of sugammadex to reverse neuromuscular blockade and use of objective train of four (TOF) monitoring in high-risk individuals.

This core group will then present the recommended pathway for approval to our quarterly Quality Council and then broader Faculty Meetings for approval. The investigators estimate that the total time for pathway design and creation will be approximately 6 months.

Pathway Implementation

After approval, the investigators will work with the EMR build team in order to ensure the necessary modification to the EMR. After the modifications are complete, the investigators will establish a "go-live" date. After an initial period during which the investigators will accommodate feedback and ensure that the modifications were made successfully, no further modifications to the respiratory pathway will be made. The investigators plan to keep this pathway in place for at least one year (the study period).

Data Collection and Analysis

As noted above, the team has the ability to automatically collect the data from the EMR for analysis purposes. After the one year implementation period investigators will extract the data elements noted above for the study period as well as an equivalent period prior to pathway implementation. The data will be analyzed for the overall application of best practices before and after as well as a change in primary and secondary outcomes.

Inclusion Criteria:

• UCLA Ronald Reagan or Santa Monica patients aged 18 and older who had a general anesthetic with either rocuronium or vecuronium.
• Patients who receive sugammadex from the specified study supply

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients under the age of 18
• Patients with a preoperative glomerular filtration rate less than 30 or on hemodialysis
• Patients with known hypersensitivity to any of the following: rocuronium, vecuronium, sugammadex, neostigmine or glycopyrrolate
• Patients with known neuromuscular disease
• Patients who remain intubated after surgery or leave the operating room with a tracheostomy in-situ
• Patients who did not receive reversal of neuromuscular blockade (with neostigmine in the pre-period or sugammadex in the post-period).

Pre-Trial Cohort

• Timeframe: Patients from 2015, before sugammadex was available on the market (pre-2016).
• Purpose: Served as a historical control group to compare outcomes before the introduction of sugammadex.
• Size: 6,824 patients.

Post-Trial Cohort

• Timeframe: Patients enrolled between February 2022 and May 2024.
• Purpose: Identified and enrolled via an automated system using Best Practice Advisories (BPAs) in the EHR.
• Size: 5,424

Time of consent up to 48 hours post drug administration.

AEs collected for bradycardia, anaphylaxis, and reintubation cases.