The liking of a breakfast meal has been shown to influence food choice throughout the day. This study will investigate the effects that liking of different coffee beverages has on daily food intake.

This is a postprandial acute meal crossover blinded study in which 30 fasted young healthy women will consume one of 3 butter-rich coffees, in random order, at each of three study sessions separated by at least 4 days. Participants will rate the coffee characteristics and complete paper visual analogue scale ratings of alertness, fatigue, nausea, satiety, and comfort for 180 minutes and consume a pasta lunch meal. A subset of 10 participants will be invited to attend 3 additional study visits where gastric emptying following consumption of each coffee will be assess using gastric ultrasound.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Generally healthy women
• 20-35 yrs
• BMI of 18.5-26.1 kg/m2 and waist circumference <88cm
• Non-smoking
• Non to moderate alcohol drinkers
• Regular coffee consumers
• Regularly consumes dairy products
• Pre-menopausal with regular monthly periods
• Stable medication use
• Have not gained or lost significant weight during the past 3 months
• Not pregnant or lactating
• Enjoy and be willing to consume pasta with tomato sauce

Exclusion Criteria:

• Any food sensitivity or intolerance
• Any anaphylactic allergy or gastrointestinal disorder
• History of any major disease or medical condition
• Elite or training athletes
• Three Factor Eating Questionnaire restraint score >16
• Taking any natural health products or dietary supplements, other than a multivitamin, that interfere with fat or caffeine digestion

We aim to recruit adults with regular menstrual periods, whereby we would include an eligible menstruating participant who identifies as a gender other than female.