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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
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| U60OH009762-11 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| The Center for Construction Research and Training (CPWR) | UNKNOWN |
| National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH/CDC) | FED |
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Women are highly underrepresented in the construction skilled trades. In addition to facing the industry's well-known physical risks, women are subjected to discrimination, harassment, and skills under-utilization. As a result, tradeswomen have increased risk for injury, stress-related health effects, and high attrition rates from apprenticeship programs, thus perpetuating their minority status. Mentoring is a well-established technique for learning technical and personal navigation skills in new or challenging social environments. The investigators propose development and dissemination of a mentorship program through local unions of the International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers (SMART), and evaluating its success in reducing women's injury and work stress, while improving retention.
Journey-level workers will be trained on effective mentoring techniques, and matched to approximately 100 women apprentices within participating local unions. Mentees will be followed for two years within the mentorship program, with another 100 women apprentices in locals not receiving the mentorship training similarly followed as controls. The impact of participation in mentoring programs will be measured through apprentices' experience of stress, coping mechanisms, safety climate, and retention in the apprenticeship programs. Specifically, the investigators propose to:
Aim 1: Develop a mentorship training program for journey-level sheet metal workers to assist women apprentices in navigating the challenges faced by women in trades
Aim 2: Disseminate the training and assist locals in developing effective mentorship programs
Aim 3: Evaluate the effectiveness of the mentoring programs specified in Aims 1 and 2
Aim 4: Disseminate the best practices for supporting women apprentices in the skilled trades.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mentees | Experimental | This arm consists of apprentice-level, female-identifying construction workers who will receive active mentorship (the intervention) for two years from trained journey-level mentors. |
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| Control Apprentices | No Intervention | This arm consists of apprentice-level, female-identifying construction workers who will not receive mentorship. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mentoring program | Behavioral | Apprentice-level female construction workers will be assigned to a mentor who has gone through a rigorous mentorship training. Participants will be asked to meet with a mentor at least 4 times/year in person to discuss the challenges of being a female in construction, learn coping mechanisms, and otherwise discuss the unique challenges of the job environment. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Stress | Measures of feelings of stress among the female workers from the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) where higher scores indicate a worse outcome. Minimum value is 0 and maximum value is 40. | 1 year period |
| Job Satisfaction | Measures of job satisfaction from the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) where higher scores indicate higher job satisfaction. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value is 6. | 1 year period |
| Social Support | Measures of social support both in and out of work from the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Social Support Survey. Higher scores indicate greater feelings of social support. Minimum value of 1 and maximum value of 5. | 1 year period |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Mentors can be both male- and female-identifying. Mentees and control apprentices will be all female-identifying.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Marissa G Baker, PhD | University of Washington | Principal Investigator |
| Lily M Monsey, BA | University of Washington | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phoenix Area Local 359 | Phoenix | Arizona | 85034 | United States | ||
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 105 |
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Evolving impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the environmental conditions between the period of participant enrollment and the time participants were assigned to each arm. No enrolled participants were excluded from the study before assignment.
Recruitment Details Recruitment for round 1 of the study took place from March-May 2021. Recruitment for round 2 of the study took place from July-December 2023. All recruitment activity took place remotely via video conferencing software, email and phone, with union locals as the recruitment locations.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Mentees | Mentees were assigned to trained mentors to support them with informational, appraisal, and tangible social support through development of active listening, goal setting, problem solving, and self advocacy skills. |
| FG001 | Control Apprentices |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP_ICF | Yes | Yes | Yes | Study Protocol, Statistical Analysis Plan, and Informed Consent Form | Jun 23, 2025 |
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| Glendora |
| California |
| 91740 |
| United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 104 | San Jose | California | 95131 | United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 9 | Denver | Colorado | 80211 | United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 85 | Atlanta | Georgia | 30315 | United States |
| Hawaii Sheet Metal Workers Local 293 | Honolulu | Hawaii | 96817 | United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 73 | Hillside | Illinois | 60162 | United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 20 | Indianapolis | Indiana | 46205 | United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 17 | Dorchester | Massachusetts | 02124 | United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 63 | Springfield | Massachusetts | 01104 | United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 10 | Maplewood | Minnesota | 55109 | United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 36 | St Louis | Missouri | 63103 | United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 49 | Albuquerque | New Mexico | 87106 | United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 28 | New York | New York | 10013 | United States |
| Columbus Sheet Metal Workers Apprenticeship | Columbus | Ohio | 43219 | United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 16 | Portland | Oregon | 97230 | United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 19 | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | 19147 | United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local 67 | San Antonio | Texas | 78216 | United States |
| Sheet Metal Workers Local Union 66 | Everett | Washington | 98204 | United States |
Control apprentices were not assigned to a trained mentor during the study period. |
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51 and 39 mentees and apprentices, respectively, completed the baseline measures in the survey. For job satisfaction and social support, all records are reported in the data table. In the case of perceived stress, 48 records for mentees and 38 records for controls are reported in the data table. The reason for this is because not all participants responded to all questions pertaining to perceived stress, so we could not analyze all records for this outcome.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Mentees | This arm consists of apprentice-level, female-identifying construction workers who will receive active mentorship (the intervention) for two years from trained journey-level mentors. Mentoring program: Apprentice-level female construction workers will be assigned to a mentor who has gone through a rigorous mentorship training. Participants will be asked to meet with a mentor at least 4 times/year in person to discuss the challenges of being a female in construction, learn coping mechanisms, and otherwise discuss the unique challenges of the job environment. |
| BG001 | Control Apprentices | This arm consists of apprentice-level, female-identifying construction workers who will not receive mentorship. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Age, Continuous | Median | Full Range | years |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Perceived Stress | Measures of feelings of stress among the female workers from the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) where higher scores indicate a worse outcome. Minimum value is 0 and maximum value is 40. | Numbers in each row differ because not all participants answered all questions pertaining to percieved stress on the baseline measure. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
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| Social Support | Measures of social support both in and out of work from MOS (Medical Outcomes Study) Social Support Survey. Higher scores indicate greater feelings of social support. Minimum value of 1 and maximum value of 5. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
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| Job Satisfaction | Measures of job satisfaction from the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) where higher scores indicate higher job satisfaction. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value is 6. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
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| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Stress | Measures of feelings of stress among the female workers from the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) where higher scores indicate a worse outcome. Minimum value is 0 and maximum value is 40. | Mentees and control apprentices who completed all questions on the end-of-year survey pertaining to perceived stress | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 1 year period |
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| Primary | Job Satisfaction | Measures of job satisfaction from the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) where higher scores indicate higher job satisfaction. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value is 6. | participants who completed or partially competed the baseline survey, including questions pertaining to this measure | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 1 year period |
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| Primary | Social Support | Measures of social support both in and out of work from the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Social Support Survey. Higher scores indicate greater feelings of social support. Minimum value of 1 and maximum value of 5. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 1 year period |
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Adverse events were not assessed as they were not applicable to our study.
We were not collecting data on typical adverse events such as death, injury, unexpected reactions due to the mentorship program because this was not applicable to our study.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
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| EG000 | Mentees | This arm consists of apprentice-level, female-identifying construction workers who will receive active mentorship (the intervention) for two years from trained journey-level mentors. Mentoring program: Apprentice-level female construction workers will be assigned to a mentor who has gone through a rigorous mentorship training. Participants will be asked to meet with a mentor at least 4 times/year in person to discuss the challenges of being a female in construction, learn coping mechanisms, and otherwise discuss the unique challenges of the job environment. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EG001 | Control Apprentices | This arm consists of apprentice-level, female-identifying construction workers who will not receive mentorship. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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COVID-19 impacted the delivery and uptake of the intervention, as well as our ability to recruit and retain participants.
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Marissa Baker | University of Washington | 206 616 4709 | bakermg@uw.edu |
| Jun 26, 2025 |
| Prot_SAP_ICF_000.pdf |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000071277 | Harassment, Non-Sexual |
| D017406 | Sexual Harassment |
| D000073397 | Occupational Stress |
| D013315 | Stress, Psychological |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012919 | Social Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D012725 | Sexual Behavior |
| D009784 | Occupational Diseases |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
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| Between 18 and 65 years |
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| >=65 years |
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| Black or African American |
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| Hispanic, Latinx, or Spanish Origin |
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| Other |
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| Canada |
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