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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan | OTHER_GOV |
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The aim of this study is to develop exercise prescription of TBI patients and then to evaluate the effectiveness of programmed aerobic walking exercise to improve cognitive performance, depression relief, motivation, symptom, resilience and quality of life with improvement of CBF. This will be a randomized controlled clinical trial, using a mixed method to explore the feasibility and validity of such a safety exercise prescription. Then, a randomized clinical control trial will be applied in TBI patients to evaluate the effectiveness of programmed aerobic exercise to promote psysical-psycho-social health such as cognitive status, 6 minutes walk test, depression relief, motivation, symptom, resilience and quality of life.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) brings out the major cause of accidental disability. Aerobic exercise can increase the influx of blood circulation improving cognitive performance, such as walking and cycling. Yet the effective exercise prescription improves cerebral blood flow (CBF) on promoting psysical-psycho-social health such as cognitive status, 6 minutes walk test, depression relief, motivation, symptom, resilience and quality of life. PI conducted a retrospective study in TBI patients and results indicated that 93% of patients discharged among 5000 TBI patients in the past decade. However, about 70% TBI outpatients have squeals left by TBI, which not only affect physical activity, cognition, but also cause mental health problems such as depression and also family care burden and huge medical burdens. The preliminary data showed the significant effects of promoting cerebral blood flow (CBF) through aerobic exercise. This study intends to explore the effectiveness of aerobic exercise prescription among patients with TBI on their physical and mental health based on PI's experiences of walking exercise intervention research and their publications.
The aim of this study is to develop exercise prescription of TBI patients and then to evaluate the effectiveness of programmed aerobic exercise to improve psysical-psycho-social health such as cognitive status, 6 minutes walk test, depression relief, motivation, symptom, resilience and quality of life with improvement of CBF. This will be a comprehensive randomized controlled clinical trial using a mixed method to explore the feasibility of such a safety exercise prescription. Then, a randomized clinical control trial will be applied in TBI patients to evaluate the effectiveness of programmed aerobic exercise to promote psysical-psycho-social health such as cognitive status, 6 minutes walk test, depression relief, motivation, symptom, resilience and quality of life.
First, a concurrent parallel design combining qualitative and quantitative mixed methods approach will be conducted to explore the accuracy and appropriateness of the prescription and predictability of the mental health and user's experiences. We plan to recruit 30 TBI patients who will be intervened with moderate to high intensity aerobic exercise. We will collect informations regarding CBF and cardiac force index (CFI) during the progress of aerobic exercise. Moreover, we will evaluate the psysical-psycho-social health such as cognitive status, 6 minutes walk test, depression relief, motivation, symptom, resilience and quality of life. We will examine the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the CFI and CBF monitor system, and to explore the experience of adopting aerobic exercise prescription among TBI patients. Depending on the results of the first two years, the safety aerobic exercise prescription with CFI and CBF monitor system will be modified and piloted in the next stage. We plan to recruit at least 120 patients and randomized them into an intervention group (N=60) that received the aerobic exercise prescription and a control group (N=60) that received usual care. Outcome variables will be followed at the pretest, the first, second, third and sixth month after the exercise prescription has been implemented. Intention-to-treat and multiple linear models will be used to analyze the results. We hope to develop the safety aerobic exercise prescription with empirical evidence of promoting mental health for patients with TBI.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| this study is to develop exercise prescription of TBI patients | Experimental | The aim of this study is to develop exercise prescription of TBI patients and then to evaluate the effectiveness of programmed aerobic exercise to improve psysical-psycho-social health such as cognitive status, 6 minutes walk test, depression relief, motivation, symptom, resilience and quality of life. This will be a randomized-controlled clinical trial, by using a mixed method to explore the feasibility and validity of such a safety exercise prescription. In the next stage, a randomized clinical control trial will be applied in TBI patients to evaluate the effectiveness of programmed aerobic exercise to promote psysical-psycho-social health such as cognitive status, 6 minutes walk test, depression relief, motivation, symptom, resilience and quality of life. |
|
| No exercise prescription in TBI patients | No Intervention | Routine Care of TBI Patients |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| telehealth-based aerobic walking exercise | Device | The aim of this study is to develop exercise prescription of TBI patients and then to evaluate the effectiveness of programmed aerobic exercise to improve psysical-psycho-social health such as cognitive status, 6 minutes walk test, depression relief, motivation, symptom, resilience and quality of life. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| cerebral blood flow (CBF)-(T1) | Hemoencephalography (HEG) will be measure by Bioland, the unit is ratio A/B and the brain SPECT | T1_Baseline |
| cerebral blood flow (CBF)-(T2) | Hemoencephalography (HEG) will be measure by Bioland, the unit is ratio A/Band | T2_1 month later |
| cerebral blood flow (CBF)-(T3) | Hemoencephalography (HEG) will be measure by Bioland, the unit is ratio A/B | T3_2 months later |
| cerebral blood flow (CBF)-(T4) | Hemoencephalography (HEG) will be measure by Bioland, the unit is ratio A/B | T4_3 months later |
| cerebral blood flow (CBF)-(T5) | Hemoencephalography (HEG) will be measure by Bioland, the unit is ratio A/B and the brain SPECT | T5_6 months later |
| cerebral blood flow (CBF)-(T6) | Hemoencephalography (HEG) will be measure by Bioland, the unit is ratio A/B | T6_12 months later |
| 6 minutes walk test-(T1) | The 6 Minute Walk Test is a sub-maximal exercise test used to assess aerobic capacity and endurance. The distance covered over a time of 6 minutes is used as the outcome by which to compare changes in performance capacity.The 6MWT can be used in preschool children (2-5 years), children (6-12 years) adults (18-64 years), elderly adults (65+) with a wide range of diagnoses including. The test was initially designed to help in the assessment of patient with cardiopulmonary issues. Gradually, it was introduced in numerous other conditions. It evaluates the functional capacity of the individual and it provides valuable information regarding all the systems during physical activity, including pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, blood circulation, neuromuscular units, body metabolism, and peripheral circulation. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Cognitive function-(T1) | Cognitive function will be measured by the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE )instrument. The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) is a widely used test of cognitive function ... school (but not a graduate of), a score on the MMSE of 24 or below means cognitive impairment. | T1-Baseline |
| Cognitive function-(T2) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| depression status-(T1) | Depression will be measured by Beck depression index (BDI). The BDI scale is a brief self-report scale designed to measure self-reported symptoms associated with depression experienced in the past. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. A score is assigned by totaling all items (after reversing the positive mood items]. The possible range for the 21-item scale is 0 to 63, and a cut off score of 16 or higher indicates the presence of significant depressive symptoms. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Hui-Hsun Chiang, PhD | National Defense Medical Center | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TSGH | Taipei | Taiwan |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27814304 | Background | Vanderbeken I, Kerckhofs E. A systematic review of the effect of physical exercise on cognition in stroke and traumatic brain injury patients. NeuroRehabilitation. 2017;40(1):33-48. doi: 10.3233/NRE-161388. | |
| 12392797 | Background | Churchill JD, Galvez R, Colcombe S, Swain RA, Kramer AF, Greenough WT. Exercise, experience and the aging brain. Neurobiol Aging. 2002 Sep-Oct;23(5):941-55. doi: 10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00028-3. |
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Randomized controlled trial
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| T1-Baseline |
| 6 minutes walk test-(T2) | The 6 Minute Walk Test is a sub-maximal exercise test used to assess aerobic capacity and endurance. The distance covered over a time of 6 minutes is used as the outcome by which to compare changes in performance capacity.The 6MWT can be used in preschool children (2-5 years), children (6-12 years) adults (18-64 years), elderly adults (65+) with a wide range of diagnoses including. The test was initially designed to help in the assessment of patient with cardiopulmonary issues. Gradually, it was introduced in numerous other conditions. It evaluates the functional capacity of the individual and it provides valuable information regarding all the systems during physical activity, including pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, blood circulation, neuromuscular units, body metabolism, and peripheral circulation. | T2-1 month later |
| 6 minutes walk test-(T3) | The 6 Minute Walk Test is a sub-maximal exercise test used to assess aerobic capacity and endurance. The distance covered over a time of 6 minutes is used as the outcome by which to compare changes in performance capacity.The 6MWT can be used in preschool children (2-5 years), children (6-12 years) adults (18-64 years), elderly adults (65+) with a wide range of diagnoses including. The test was initially designed to help in the assessment of patient with cardiopulmonary issues. Gradually, it was introduced in numerous other conditions. It evaluates the functional capacity of the individual and it provides valuable information regarding all the systems during physical activity, including pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, blood circulation, neuromuscular units, body metabolism, and peripheral circulation. | T3-2 months later |
| 6 minutes walk test-(T4) | The 6 Minute Walk Test is a sub-maximal exercise test used to assess aerobic capacity and endurance. The distance covered over a time of 6 minutes is used as the outcome by which to compare changes in performance capacity.The 6MWT can be used in preschool children (2-5 years), children (6-12 years) adults (18-64 years), elderly adults (65+) with a wide range of diagnoses including. The test was initially designed to help in the assessment of patient with cardiopulmonary issues. Gradually, it was introduced in numerous other conditions. It evaluates the functional capacity of the individual and it provides valuable information regarding all the systems during physical activity, including pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, blood circulation, neuromuscular units, body metabolism, and peripheral circulation. | T4-3 months later |
| 6 minutes walk test-(T5) | The 6 Minute Walk Test is a sub-maximal exercise test used to assess aerobic capacity and endurance. The distance covered over a time of 6 minutes is used as the outcome by which to compare changes in performance capacity.The 6MWT can be used in preschool children (2-5 years), children (6-12 years) adults (18-64 years), elderly adults (65+) with a wide range of diagnoses including. The test was initially designed to help in the assessment of patient with cardiopulmonary issues. Gradually, it was introduced in numerous other conditions. It evaluates the functional capacity of the individual and it provides valuable information regarding all the systems during physical activity, including pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, blood circulation, neuromuscular units, body metabolism, and peripheral circulation. | T5-6 months later |
| 6 minutes walk test-(T6) | The 6 Minute Walk Test is a sub-maximal exercise test used to assess aerobic capacity and endurance. The distance covered over a time of 6 minutes is used as the outcome by which to compare changes in performance capacity.The 6MWT can be used in preschool children (2-5 years), children (6-12 years) adults (18-64 years), elderly adults (65+) with a wide range of diagnoses including. The test was initially designed to help in the assessment of patient with cardiopulmonary issues. Gradually, it was introduced in numerous other conditions. It evaluates the functional capacity of the individual and it provides valuable information regarding all the systems during physical activity, including pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, blood circulation, neuromuscular units, body metabolism, and peripheral circulation. | T6-12 months later |
| Cardio force index (CFI)-(T1) | CFI was measured by Bioharness device. The ratio is HR/peak activity. CFI is the index of cardiac force, correlated to VO2 max and can predict the physiological status of physical activity. The heart rate, respiratory rate, distance of walking/ exercise and angular acceleration are also be measured by Bioharness device in the same time to calculate the CFI. | T1-Baseline |
| Cardio force index (CFI)-(T2) | CFI was measured by Bioharness device. The ratio is HR/peak activity. CFI is the index of cardiac force, correlated to VO2 max and can predict the physiological status of physical activity. The heart rate, respiratory rate, distance of walking/ exercise and angular acceleration are also be measured by Bioharness device in the same time to calculate the CFI. | T2-1 month later |
| Cardio force index (CFI)-(T3) | CFI was measured by Bioharness device. The ratio is HR/peak activity. CFI is the index of cardiac force, correlated to VO2 max and can predict the physiological status of physical activity. The heart rate, respiratory rate, distance of walking/ exercise and angular acceleration are also be measured by Bioharness device in the same time to calculate the CFI. | T3-2 month later |
| Cardio force index (CFI)-(T4) | CFI was measured by Bioharness device. The ratio is HR/peak activity. CFI is the index of cardiac force, correlated to VO2 max and can predict the physiological status of physical activity. The heart rate, respiratory rate, distance of walking/ exercise and angular acceleration are also be measured by Bioharness device in the same time to calculate the CFI. | T4-3 months later |
| Cardio force index (CFI)-(T5) | CFI was measured by Bioharness device. The ratio is HR/peak activity. CFI is the index of cardiac force, correlated to VO2 max and can predict the physiological status of physical activity. The heart rate, respiratory rate, distance of walking/ exercise and angular acceleration are also be measured by Bioharness device in the same time to calculate the CFI. | T5-6 months later |
| Cardio force index (CFI)-(T6) | CFI was measured by Bioharness device. The ratio is HR/peak activity. CFI is the index of cardiac force, correlated to VO2 max and can predict the physiological status of physical activity. The heart rate, respiratory rate, distance of walking/ exercise and angular acceleration are also be measured by Bioharness device in the same time to calculate the CFI. | T6-12 months later |
Cognitive function will be measured by the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE )instrument. The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) is a widely used test of cognitive function ... school (but not a graduate of), a score on the MMSE of 24 or below means cognitive impairment. |
| T2-1month later |
| Cognitive function-(T3) | Cognitive function will be measured by the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE )instrument. The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) is a widely used test of cognitive function ... school (but not a graduate of), a score on the MMSE of 24 or below means cognitive impairment. | T3-2month later |
| Cognitive function-(T4) | Cognitive function will be measured by the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE )instrument. The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) is a widely used test of cognitive function ... school (but not a graduate of), a score on the MMSE of 24 or below means cognitive impairment. | T4-3month later |
| Cognitive function-(T5) | Cognitive function will be measured by the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE )instrument. The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) is a widely used test of cognitive function ... school (but not a graduate of), a score on the MMSE of 24 or below means cognitive impairment. | T5-6months later |
| Cognitive function-(T6) | Cognitive function will be measured by the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE )instrument. The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) is a widely used test of cognitive function ... school (but not a graduate of), a score on the MMSE of 24 or below means cognitive impairment. | T6-12months later |
| Brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)-(T1) | brain Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging has developed a substantial, evidence-based foundation and is now recommended by professional societies for numerous indications relevant to psychiatric practice. | T1_Baseline |
| Brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)-(T4) | brain Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging has developed a substantial, evidence-based foundation and is now recommended by professional societies for numerous indications relevant to psychiatric practice. | T4_6 months later |
| T1-Baseline |
| depression status-(T2) | Depression will be measured by Beck depression index (BDI). The BDI scale is a brief self-report scale designed to measure self-reported symptoms associated with depression experienced in the past. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. A score is assigned by totaling all items (after reversing the positive mood items]. The possible range for the 21-item scale is 0 to 63, and a cut off score of 16 or higher indicates the presence of significant depressive symptoms. | T2-1 month later |
| depression status-(T3) | Depression will be measured by Beck depression index (BDI). The BDI scale is a brief self-report scale designed to measure self-reported symptoms associated with depression experienced in the past. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. A score is assigned by totaling all items (after reversing the positive mood items]. The possible range for the 21-item scale is 0 to 63, and a cut off score of 16 or higher indicates the presence of significant depressive symptoms. | T3-2 months later |
| depression status-(T4) | Depression will be measured by Beck depression index (BDI). The BDI scale is a brief self-report scale designed to measure self-reported symptoms associated with depression experienced in the past. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. A score is assigned by totaling all items (after reversing the positive mood items]. The possible range for the 21-item scale is 0 to 63, and a cut off score of 16 or higher indicates the presence of significant depressive symptoms. | T4-3 months later |
| depression status-(T5) | Depression will be measured by Beck depression index (BDI). The BDI scale is a brief self-report scale designed to measure self-reported symptoms associated with depression experienced in the past. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. A score is assigned by totaling all items (after reversing the positive mood items]. The possible range for the 21-item scale is 0 to 63, and a cut off score of 16 or higher indicates the presence of significant depressive symptoms. | T5-6 months later |
| depression status-(T6) | Depression will be measured by Beck depression index (BDI). The BDI scale is a brief self-report scale designed to measure self-reported symptoms associated with depression experienced in the past. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. A score is assigned by totaling all items (after reversing the positive mood items]. The possible range for the 21-item scale is 0 to 63, and a cut off score of 16 or higher indicates the presence of significant depressive symptoms. | T6-12 months later |
| Quality of life-(T1): WHOQOL-BREF | Quality of life will be measured by World Health organization quality of life (WHOQOL) instrument. The WHOQOL-BREF is a 26-item instrument consisting of four domains: physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items), and environmental health (8 items); it also contains QOL and general health items.The WHOQOL-BREF is a shorter version of the original instrument that may be more convenient for use in large research studies or clinical trials. | T1-Baseline |
| Quality of life-(T2): WHOQOL-BREF | Quality of life will be measured by World Health organization quality of life (WHOQOL) instrument. The WHOQOL-BREF is a 26-item instrument consisting of four domains: physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items), and environmental health (8 items); it also contains QOL and general health items.The WHOQOL-BREF is a shorter version of the original instrument that may be more convenient for use in large research studies or clinical trials. | T2-1 month later |
| Quality of life-(T3): WHOQOL-BREF | Quality of life will be measured by World Health organization quality of life (WHOQOL) instrument. The WHOQOL-BREF is a 26-item instrument consisting of four domains: physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items), and environmental health (8 items); it also contains QOL and general health items.The WHOQOL-BREF is a shorter version of the original instrument that may be more convenient for use in large research studies or clinical trials. | T3-2 month later |
| Quality of life-(T4): WHOQOL-BREF | Quality of life will be measured by World Health organization quality of life (WHOQOL) instrument. The WHOQOL-BREF is a 26-item instrument consisting of four domains: physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items), and environmental health (8 items); it also contains QOL and general health items.The WHOQOL-BREF is a shorter version of the original instrument that may be more convenient for use in large research studies or clinical trials. | T4-3 months later |
| Quality of life-(T5): WHOQOL-BREF | Quality of life will be measured by World Health organization quality of life (WHOQOL) instrument. The WHOQOL-BREF is a 26-item instrument consisting of four domains: physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items), and environmental health (8 items); it also contains QOL and general health items.The WHOQOL-BREF is a shorter version of the original instrument that may be more convenient for use in large research studies or clinical trials. | T5- 6 months later |
| Quality of life-(T6): WHOQOL-BREF | Quality of life will be measured by World Health organization quality of life (WHOQOL) instrument. The WHOQOL-BREF is a 26-item instrument consisting of four domains: physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items), and environmental health (8 items); it also contains QOL and general health items.The WHOQOL-BREF is a shorter version of the original instrument that may be more convenient for use in large research studies or clinical trials. | T6- 12 months later |
| resilience status-(T1) | Resilience will be measured by Resilience scale for adult scale. The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) (Friborg et al., 2003) is a 37-item scale that measures resilience as healthy adaptation and personal competence during exposure to significant adversity, trauma, or stress. | T1-Baseline |
| resilience status-(T2) | Resilience will be measured by Resilience scale for adult scale. The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) (Friborg et al., 2003) is a 37-item scale that measures resilience as healthy adaptation and personal competence during exposure to significant adversity, trauma, or stress. | T2-1 month later |
| resilience status-(T3) | Resilience will be measured by Resilience scale for adult scale. The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) (Friborg et al., 2003) is a 37-item scale that measures resilience as healthy adaptation and personal competence during exposure to significant adversity, trauma, or stress. | T3-2 month later |
| resilience status-(T4) | Resilience will be measured by Resilience scale for adult scale. The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) (Friborg et al., 2003) is a 37-item scale that measures resilience as healthy adaptation and personal competence during exposure to significant adversity, trauma, or stress. | T4-3 months later |
| resilience status-(T5) | Resilience will be measured by Resilience scale for adult scale. The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) (Friborg et al., 2003) is a 37-item scale that measures resilience as healthy adaptation and personal competence during exposure to significant adversity, trauma, or stress. | T5-6 months later |
| resilience status-(T6) | Resilience will be measured by Resilience scale for adult scale. The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) (Friborg et al., 2003) is a 37-item scale that measures resilience as healthy adaptation and personal competence during exposure to significant adversity, trauma, or stress. | T6-12 months later |
| Post-concussion symptom-(T1) | post-concussion will be measured by the Rivermead post-concussion symptom scale. | T1-Baseline |
| Post-concussion symptom-(T2) | post-concussion will be measured by the Rivermead post-concussion symptom scale. | T2-1 month later |
| Post-concussion symptom-(T3) | post-concussion will be measured by the Rivermead post-concussion symptom scale. | T3-2 months later |
| Post-concussion symptom-(T4) | post-concussion will be measured by the Rivermead post-concussion symptom scale. | T4-3 months later |
| Post-concussion symptom-(T5) | post-concussion will be measured by the Rivermead post-concussion symptom scale. | T5-6 months later |
| Post-concussion symptom-(T6) | post-concussion will be measured by the Rivermead post-concussion symptom scale. | T6-12 months later |
| Self-efficacy-(T1) | Self-efficacy will be measured by the self-efficacy scale. | T1- Baseline |
| Self-efficacy-(T2) | Self-efficacy will be measured by the self-efficacy scale. | T2- 1 month later |
| Self-efficacy-(T3) | Self-efficacy will be measured by the self-efficacy scale. | T3- 2 months later |
| Self-efficacy-(T4) | Self-efficacy will be measured by the self-efficacy scale. | T4- 3 months later |
| Self-efficacy-(T5) | Self-efficacy will be measured by the self-efficacy scale. | T5- 6 months later |
| Self-efficacy-(T6) | Self-efficacy will be measured by the self-efficacy scale. | T6- 12 months later |
| Sleep quality-(T1) | Sleep quality will be measured by the Pittsburgh sleep quality scale and the Garmin vivosmart sleep records and its physiological recording. | T1- Baseline |
| Sleep quality-(T2) | Sleep quality will be measured by the Pittsburgh sleep quality scale and the Garmin vivosmart sleep records and its physiological recording. | T2- 1 month later |
| Sleep quality-(T3) | Sleep quality will be measured by the Pittsburgh sleep quality scale and the Garmin vivosmart sleep records and its physiological recording. | T3- 2 months later |
| Sleep quality-(T4) | Sleep quality will be measured by the Pittsburgh sleep quality scale and the Garmin vivosmart sleep records and its physiological recording. | T4- 3 months later |
| Sleep quality-(T5) | Sleep quality will be measured by the Pittsburgh sleep quality scale and the Garmin vivosmart sleep records and its physiological recording. | T5- 6 months later |
| Sleep quality-(T6) | Sleep quality will be measured by the Pittsburgh sleep quality scale and the Garmin vivosmart sleep records and its physiological recording. | T6- 12 months later |
| Sport motivation Scale-(T1) | Sport motivation will be measure by the Sport Motivation Scale II (SMS-II)and exercise motivation interview. The 18-item SMS-II consists of six subscalesmeasuring amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation. Each subscale has three items. Participants were asked to respond to all the items on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not true at all) to 7 (very true). | T1- baseline |
| Sport motivation Scale-(T2) | Sport motivation will be measure by the Sport Motivation Scale II (SMS-II)and exercise motivation interview. The 18-item SMS-II consists of six subscalesmeasuring amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation. Each subscale has three items. Participants were asked to respond to all the items on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not true at all) to 7 (very true). | T2- 1 month later |
| Sport motivation Scale-(T3) | Sport motivation will be measure by the Sport Motivation Scale II (SMS-II)and exercise motivation interview. The 18-item SMS-II consists of six subscalesmeasuring amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation. Each subscale has three items. Participants were asked to respond to all the items on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not true at all) to 7 (very true). | T3- 2 month later |
| Sport motivation Scale-(T4) | Sport motivation will be measure by the Sport Motivation Scale II (SMS-II)and exercise motivation interview. The 18-item SMS-II consists of six subscalesmeasuring amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation. Each subscale has three items. Participants were asked to respond to all the items on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not true at all) to 7 (very true). | T4- 3 month later |
| Sport motivation Scale-(T5) | Sport motivation will be measure by the Sport Motivation Scale II (SMS-II)and exercise motivation interview. The 18-item SMS-II consists of six subscalesmeasuring amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation. Each subscale has three items. Participants were asked to respond to all the items on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not true at all) to 7 (very true). | T5- 6 month later |
| Sport motivation Scale-(T6) | Sport motivation will be measure by the Sport Motivation Scale II (SMS-II)and exercise motivation interview. The 18-item SMS-II consists of six subscalesmeasuring amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation. Each subscale has three items. Participants were asked to respond to all the items on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not true at all) to 7 (very true). | T6- 12 month later |
| 18425937 | Background | Hassett LM, Moseley AM, Tate R, Harmer AR. Fitness training for cardiorespiratory conditioning after traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD006123. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006123.pub2. |
| 25755918 | Background | Snyder HR, Kaiser RH, Warren SL, Heller W. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with broad impairments in executive function: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Sci. 2015 Mar;3(2):301-330. doi: 10.1177/2167702614534210. |
| 26165153 | Background | Taylor JM, Montgomery MH, Gregory EJ, Berman NE. Exercise preconditioning improves traumatic brain injury outcomes. Brain Res. 2015 Oct 5;1622:414-29. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.009. Epub 2015 Jul 9. |
| 27216223 | Background | Devine JM, Wong B, Gervino E, Pascual-Leone A, Alexander MP. Independent, Community-Based Aerobic Exercise Training for People With Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016 Aug;97(8):1392-7. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.04.015. Epub 2016 May 20. |
| 41188789 | Derived | Chen HJ, Ma CY, Lin LF, Chang CC, Hueng DY, Chang YC, Chiang HH. Can symptom-severity phenotypes identify depression risk after mild traumatic brain injury? A cluster-based approach. BMC Psychiatry. 2025 Nov 4;25(1):1054. doi: 10.1186/s12888-025-07512-w. |