This is defined as a co-existing prefrailty using the Fried criteria. Frailty defined by the CHS index as proposed by Fried et al. will be identified by the presence of ≥ 3 of the following 5 components: 1) Shrinking as identified by an unintentional weight loss of ≥ 5% between two assessments, 2) Weakness as identified by a maximal grip strength in the lowest quintile stratified by body mass index quartile; 3) Poor energy as identified by an answer of "no" to the question "Do you feel full of energy?" from the 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale; 4) Slowness as identified by an average walk speed in the lowest quintile stratified by median standing height, and 5) Low physical activity level as identified by a PASE score in the lowest quintile. Participants with none of the above components will be considered to be vigorous and those with 1 or 2 components will be considered to be in a prefrail stage.

A combination of prefrailty stage using Fried criteria and subjective cognitive impairment (SCI).

The IANA/IAGG consensus defines cognitive frailty as CDR = 0.5 and frailty by the Fried criteria.SCI will be defined using a proxy for subjective cognitive complaint (i.e. memory complaint) and following the procedure used in previous multicenter prevalence studies on MCR syndrome. Memory complaint used to define MCR syndrome was based on standardized memory loss question on the 15-item or 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS; "Do you feel you have more problems with memory than most?"). Memory complaint in our study will be elicited from this item of 30-item GDS.

The diagnosis of MCR syndrome will be made following the criteria of Verghese et al. 5: a combination of subjective cognitive complaint, in particular of memory complaint, with the presence of an objective slow gait and the absence of dementia or mobility disability. MCR syndrome will be defined at baseline assessment and each year of follow-up period. Slow gait speed will be defined as gait speed that is one standard deviation (SD) or more below age-and sex-appropriate mean values established in the present cohort like in previous studies. The mean value and SD of female and male will be determined separately. Gait speed was determined from the 3-meter walking test using the best time of the two trials recorded and expressed as meters per second.

The NuAge study has been designed to investigate nutrition as a determinant of successful aging in older men and women in Quebec. This study is based on a population-based observational cohort design that initially recruited healthy community-dwellers with age ranged from 67 to 82 years (51.8% women) between January 2004 and April 2005. All participants lived in the areas of Montreal, Laval, and Sherbrooke in the Province of Quebec, Canada. After recruitment, they have been followed for 3 years with one clinical follow-up assessment each year (i.e.; 4 data collection time). A previous analysis performed on the NuAge study database has shown a significant decline of physical and cognitive performances with time (respectively an average of 10% and 2%), participants with lower physical performance showing lower cognitive performance.

Cognitive status has been measured using the Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS)17 in the NuAge study. The 3MS test has a score range of 1-100. Baseline value and change over the three years of follow-up will be used. Cognitive impairment will be considered when 3MS score < 79.

From T2 to T4 annual variation of 3MS score expressed in percentage between T1-T2, T2-T3 and T3-T4 will be calculated using the formula: ((3MS Tn+1 - 3MS Tn+1) / ((3MS Tn+1 + 3MS Tn+1) / 2)) x 100.

From T2 to T4, incident dementia will be considered if 3MS score is ≤79/100 and simplified instrumental activity daily living score is <4

A sex-specific global measure of physical performance will be computed as the sum of scores in four tests: standing balance, walking speed (normal and fast), chair stands, and timed "Up & Go" according to a slightly modified method proposed by Guralnik and colleagues.18 The validity of this global measure has been previously reported in this population.19 Four levels of physical performance will be created for each of the five tests. A score from 1 (slowest) to 4 (fastest) is assigned according to the quartile of time needed to carry out the test. With the exception of standing balance, the lowest quartile indicates the best (shorter duration) score. The reverse is true with respect to standing balance. A score of 0 was assigned to those who could not do or did not complete the test because they felt unable to do so. Possible scores range from 0 (worst) to 20 (best).

From T2 to T4 annual variation of Physical functional score expressed in percentage between T1-T2, T2-T3 and T3-T4 were calculated using the formula: ((score Tn+1 - score Tn+1) / ((score Tn+1 + score Tn+1) / 2)) x 100