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This research investigates the reliability of tests to assess injury risk. Participants will be tested at the beginning of the survey and will be monitored for over 5 months. Participants will take 4 types of tests related to dynamic balance, flexibility, and agility. Subsequently, the relationship between test results and the incidence of injury in the subjects will be analyzed. If the tests prove reliable, they will be included in standard tests to assess the risk of injury to football players.
Too often, injuring athlete results in a large amount of money being spent on rehabilitation. In a world of sports where the speed of recovery means a lot, ways are sought first and foremost to minimize the frequency of non-contact injuries. To prevent certain things, it is important to know the initial state, therefore, to see if certain factors at the outset indicate to us that there is a certain imbalance that can result in the injury. Since we live in a country where sports clubs are unable to spend large amounts of money on rehabilitation, it would be of great benefit to find reliable tests that can help to prevent an injury. Studies have shown that tests of balance, flexibility, and agility can help to prevent injury to football players in other countries. The same tests will be applied to Premier League footballers in Bosnia and Herzegovina and their effectiveness in assessing the degree of risk of lower limb injuries will be tested. If they prove reliable, they can become a standard in the prevention of these injuries, that is, they will help in the development of injury prevention programs, which would be of great benefit to both clubs and football players.
The study aims to determine whether dynamic balance and flexibility tests can be used as reliable predictors of lower limb injuries in football players and whether reduced agility influences the increased risk of injury.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Professional Footballers | About 110 players (out of about 400 competing in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina) would be included in the research. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Y Balance Test | Diagnostic Test | The footballer will place one foot on the stationary platform of the test set during the test so that the top of the sneaker does not exceed the starting line. The second foot, or the tip of the foot, will push the movable part of the platform down the measuring tube, which is marked by half-inch intervals. Any lifting of the standing leg on the heel, on the toes or loss of balance will be considered a mistake and the attempt will be repeated. Mobility will be tested through 3 trial and 3 valid measurements of the lower limbs in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions. The arms should rest on the hips. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The incidence | The main outcome measure is the incidence, that is, the number of newly injured players over almost five months. | 5 month |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Questionnaire to evaluate the current situation with lower limb injuries in football players | It consists of 20 questions that ask about the condition of the lower limbs in tested football players. | 5 minutes |
| Y balance test |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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About 110 players (out of about 400 competing in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina) would be included in the research.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Damir Sekulić, PhD | KIF Split | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NK "Å iroki Brijeg" | Siroki Brijeg | 88220 | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8450721 | Background | Jones BH, Cowan DN, Tomlinson JP, Robinson JR, Polly DW, Frykman PN. Epidemiology of injuries associated with physical training among young men in the army. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 Feb;25(2):197-203. | |
| 1439399 | Background | van Mechelen W. Running injuries. A review of the epidemiological literature. Sports Med. 1992 Nov;14(5):320-35. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199214050-00004. |
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|
| Sit and Reach Test | Diagnostic Test | This test involves sitting on the floor with your legs stretched straight forward. Shoes should be removed. The feet themselves are set straight against the box. Both knees must be stretched. With the palms facing down and the palms side-by-side or side-by-side, the subject approaches the measurement line as far as possible. It is important to keep your hands in the same position level, not that one reaches further than the other. Once the subject has reached the maximum distance, hold this position for one to two seconds and record the distance. |
|
| "Maximum Legs Abduction" Test | Diagnostic Test | Seated legs abduction is a test to assess the flexibility of the groin region. Respondent without the shoe sits with its back and head resting against the wall. As a sign, the subject extends the legs (stretches) to the maximum extent. During the test, the legs should not be bent at the knee joint. |
|
| S_RAG (reactive agility)" Test | Diagnostic Test | The test consist of fast-moving forward, and a change of direction conditioned by visual stimuli. |
|
| S_CODS (change of direction speed) Test | Diagnostic Test | S_CODS (change of direction speed) is a test that allows athletes to outperform their opponents in situations where they can pre-define a movement pattern. |
|
Mobility will be tested through 3 trial and 3 valid measurements of the lower limbs in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions.
| 15 minutes |
| Sit and Reach test | The Sit and Reach Test is a common muscle and lower back flexion test and is now widely used as a general flexibility test. | 5 minutes |
| Maximum legs abduction Test | A seat abduction test is a test to assess the flexibility of the groin regions. The footballer extends his legs as far as possible (stretches). The distance between the inner malleolus is measured in centimeters tape. | 5 minutes |
| S_RAG (reactive agility) Test | S_RAG (reactive agility) Test is emphasized when athletes perform a change of direction while responding to an external visual stimulus. | 10 minutes |
| Measuring the length of the legs | Anthropological measures will be taken (from the spin of the iliac anterior superior to the middle of the inner malleolus). | 2 minutes |
| S_CODS (change of direction speed) Test | S_CODS (change of direction speed) is a test that allows athletes to outperform their opponents in situations where they can pre-define a movement pattern. | 2 minutes |
| 9580895 | Background | Kinzey SJ, Armstrong CW. The reliability of the star-excursion test in assessing dynamic balance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998 May;27(5):356-60. doi: 10.2519/jospt.1998.27.5.356. |
| 30997273 | Background | Greenberg ET, Barle M, Glassmann E, Jung MK. INTERRATER AND TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY OF THE Y BALANCE TEST IN HEALTHY, EARLY ADOLESCENT FEMALE ATHLETES. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019 Apr;14(2):204-213. |
| 30656152 | Background | Lee SK, Ahn SH. Effects of balance evaluation comparison of dynamic balance and Y balance. J Exerc Rehabil. 2018 Dec 27;14(6):939-943. doi: 10.12965/jer.1836494.247. eCollection 2018 Dec. |
| 16882626 | Background | Sheppard JM, Young WB. Agility literature review: classifications, training and testing. J Sports Sci. 2006 Sep;24(9):919-32. doi: 10.1080/02640410500457109. |
| 22580982 | Background | Sekulic D, Spasic M, Mirkov D, Cavar M, Sattler T. Gender-specific influences of balance, speed, and power on agility performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Mar;27(3):802-11. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825c2cb0. |
| 30201793 | Background | Brunner R, Friesenbichler B, Casartelli NC, Bizzini M, Maffiuletti NA, Niedermann K. Effectiveness of multicomponent lower extremity injury prevention programmes in team-sport athletes: an umbrella review. Br J Sports Med. 2019 Mar;53(5):282-288. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098944. Epub 2018 Sep 10. |
| 18226664 | Background | Robinson RH, Gribble PA. Support for a reduction in the number of trials needed for the star excursion balance test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008 Feb;89(2):364-70. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.08.139. |
| 25942016 | Background | Sisic N, Jelicic M, Pehar M, Spasic M, Sekulic D. Agility performance in high-level junior basketball players: the predictive value of anthropometrics and power qualities. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2016 Jul-Aug;56(7-8):884-93. Epub 2015 May 5. |
| 20030782 | Background | Kiesel K, Plisky P, Butler R. Functional movement test scores improve following a standardized off-season intervention program in professional football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011 Apr;21(2):287-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01038.x. |
| 8963746 | Background | Caraffa A, Cerulli G, Projetti M, Aisa G, Rizzo A. Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer. A prospective controlled study of proprioceptive training. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1996;4(1):19-21. doi: 10.1007/BF01565992. |
| 16476915 | Background | McGuine TA, Keene JS. The effect of a balance training program on the risk of ankle sprains in high school athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2006 Jul;34(7):1103-11. doi: 10.1177/0363546505284191. Epub 2006 Feb 13. |
| 30449943 | Background | Lisman P, Nadelen M, Hildebrand E, Leppert K, de la Motte S. Functional movement screen and Y-Balance test scores across levels of American football players. Biol Sport. 2018 Sep;35(3):253-260. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.77825. Epub 2018 Aug 27. |
| 30633230 | Background | Wong TKK, Ma AWW, Liu KPY, Chung LMY, Bae YH, Fong SSM, Ganesan B, Wang HK. Balance control, agility, eye-hand coordination, and sport performance of amateur badminton players: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jan;98(2):e14134. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014134. |
| 30676192 | Background | Sipe CL, Ramey KD, Plisky PP, Taylor JD. Y-Balance Test: A Valid and Reliable Assessment in Older Adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2019 Sep 1;27(5):663-669. doi: 10.1123/japa.2018-0330. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007869 | Leg Injuries |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000077708 | Sitting Position |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011187 | Posture |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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