The generic version of Hap-pas-Hapi includes only surface adaptations (i.e., adaptation of text and illustrations that are inacceptable or non-meaningful for the target group)

For the experimental intervention, Hap-pas-Hapi was adapted to Albanian immigrants' cultural concepts of distress (CCD). An ethnopsychological study was conducted for this purpose, since evidence on CCD in South Eastern Europe is scarce. Based on this study, three deep-structure adaptations were done: i) the symptom narrative provided by the narrator in the app was re-written to reflect Albanian immigrants' CCD; ii) a new explanatory model builder was implemented to address the target group's fatalistic beliefs; and iii) a goal-setting task was programmed to address the target group's socio-centric notion of the self.

Hap-pas-Hapi is a Smartphone-based intervention for the treatment of psychological distress. It includes five sessions and uses a narrative approach. Behavioural activation is the main active therapeutic agent in the intervention, along with stress management, positive self-talk, mood tracking, social support, and relapse prevention.

Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25)

Completing at least three (out of five) sessions of Hap-pas-Hapi;

WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0)

The WHO Wellbeing Index (WHO-5)