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This study aimed to determine the effects of neuromobilization techniques and conservative rehabilitation therapy on pain, grip strength, and functional status in patients with lateral epicondylitis (LE). A total of 40 patients (26 females and 14 males; age: 42.80 ± 8.91 years) with a history of LE participated in the study. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the neuromobilization group and the control group. The neuromobilization group completed a 6-week conservative rehabilitation and radial nerve mobilization program, whereas the control group received conservative rehabilitation therapy only. Both groups underwent a 7-day weekly conservative home rehabilitation program. Pain severity, grip strength, pinch strength, joint mobility, and upper extremity functional level were assessed before treatment, at the third week, after treatment, and at the sixth week after treatment.
Lateral epicondylitis (LE) is a painful situation, which usually occurs due to the overuse of the wrist extensor muscles. The prevalence of LE is 1%-3% in both men and women, and it is highest in individuals aged >40 years. Pain and tenderness over the lateral epicondyle of the humerus at the origin of the common extensor tendon are the main characteristics. Different conservative treatment methods have been used for treating LE; however, no standard protocol has been documented in the literature. Physiotherapy programs have focused on relieving pain, controlling inflammation, and increasing muscle strength and endurance. The use of eccentric strengthening programs has been supported by current research. Eccentric exercises have been demonstrated to reduce pain and increase function in patients with LE. Recently, neuromobilization techniques have been employed in treating musculoskeletal problems and various compression syndromes. These techniques aimed to provide nerve gliding via joint movements wherein a therapist extends the nerve length in one joint while shortening the same in the adjacent joint. This tensioning technique increases the distance between each end of the nerve, and this neural elongation ability significantly decreases in patients with LE. Neuromobilization techniques have been also proposed to modulate central sensitization and peripheral pain mechanisms in musculoskeletal disorders. Given that central sensitization plays an important role in the increased nociceptive reflex and hyperalgesia in LE, inducing hypoalgesia via neuromobilization techniques may provide pain relief in the long term.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neuromobilization group | Experimental | The neuromobilization group received a supervised home program plus radial nerve mobilization. Radial nerve mobilization exercises were performed by the physiotherapist for 3 days a week for 3 weeks. The patients in the neuromobilization group also performed self-neuromobilization exercises at home for 6 weeks. Supervised home program including patient education and eccentric exercises was administered three times daily for 6 weeks. |
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| Control group | Active Comparator | The control group received a supervised home program. Supervised home program including patient education and eccentric exercises was administered 3 times a day for 6 weeks. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radial nerve mobilization | Other |
| ||
| Supervised home program |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain severity | Pain severity was measured using a 10-cm visual analog scale, labeled from 0 (no pain) to 10 (the worst pain), at rest, at night, and during daily activities | at the beginning of treatment |
| Pain severity | Pain severity was measured using a 10-cm visual analog scale, labeled from 0 (no pain) to 10 (the worst pain), at rest, at night, and during daily activities | 3 weeks later |
| Pain severity | Pain severity was measured using a 10-cm visual analog scale, labeled from 0 (no pain) to 10 (the worst pain), at rest, at night, and during daily activities | 6 weeks later |
| Pain severity | Pain severity was measured using a 10-cm visual analog scale, labeled from 0 (no pain) to 10 (the worst pain), at rest, at night, and during daily activities | 12 weeks later |
| Grip strength | Grip strength was measured using two different test methods: pain-free grip strength and maximum grip strength. Both tests were performed in the sitting position with the elbow flexed at 90° and in the standing position with the elbow extended at 0°. Both tests were performed using a calibrated hydraulic hand dynamometer® (Jamar, Bolingbrook IL).The measurements of both extremities were repeated 3 times with a resting interval of 30 s between each measurement. The average of the three trials was recorded in kilograms (kg). | at the beginning of treatment |
| Grip strength | Grip strength was measured using two different test methods: pain-free grip strength and maximum grip strength. Both tests were performed in the sitting position with the elbow flexed at 90° and in the standing position with the elbow extended at 0°. Both tests were performed using a calibrated hydraulic hand dynamometer® (Jamar, Bolingbrook IL).The measurements of both extremities were repeated 3 times with a resting interval of 30 s between each measurement. The average of the three trials was recorded in kilograms (kg). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Wrist active range of motion (ROM)'s | Wrist active ROMs, including flexion, extension, and radial and ulnar deviation were recorded in degrees by using a universal goniometer for each group. | at the beginning of treatment |
| Wrist active range of motion (ROM)'s |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Kamil Yılmaz, 1 | KTO Karatay University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KTO Karatay University | Konya | 42020 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013716 | Tennis Elbow |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000070639 | Elbow Tendinopathy |
| D052256 | Tendinopathy |
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
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Parallel Assignment
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Double Blinded
| Other |
|
| 3 weeks later |
| Grip strength | Grip strength was measured using two different test methods: pain-free grip strength and maximum grip strength. Both tests were performed in the sitting position with the elbow flexed at 90° and in the standing position with the elbow extended at 0°. Both tests were performed using a calibrated hydraulic hand dynamometer® (Jamar, Bolingbrook IL).The measurements of both extremities were repeated 3 times with a resting interval of 30 s between each measurement. The average of the three trials was recorded in kilograms (kg). | 6 weeks later |
| Grip strength | Grip strength was measured using two different test methods: pain-free grip strength and maximum grip strength. Both tests were performed in the sitting position with the elbow flexed at 90° and in the standing position with the elbow extended at 0°. Both tests were performed using a calibrated hydraulic hand dynamometer® (Jamar, Bolingbrook IL).The measurements of both extremities were repeated 3 times with a resting interval of 30 s between each measurement. The average of the three trials was recorded in kilograms (kg). | 12 weeks later |
| Tip pinch and key pinch | Tip pinch and key pinch were measured using the "Baseline Mechanical Pinch Gauge" (FEI, White Plains, NY). Measurements were repeated 3 times with a resting interval of 30 s between each measurement. The average of the three trials was recorded in kg. | at the beginning of treatment |
| Tip pinch and key pinch | Tip pinch and key pinch were measured using the "Baseline Mechanical Pinch Gauge" (FEI, White Plains, NY). Measurements were repeated 3 times with a resting interval of 30 s between each measurement. The average of the three trials was recorded in kg. | 3 weeks later |
| Tip pinch and key pinch | Tip pinch and key pinch were measured using the "Baseline Mechanical Pinch Gauge" (FEI, White Plains, NY). Measurements were repeated 3 times with a resting interval of 30 s between each measurement. The average of the three trials was recorded in kg. | 6 weeks later |
| Tip pinch and key pinch | Tip pinch and key pinch were measured using the "Baseline Mechanical Pinch Gauge" (FEI, White Plains, NY). Measurements were repeated 3 times with a resting interval of 30 s between each measurement. The average of the three trials was recorded in kg. | 12 weeks later |
Wrist active ROMs, including flexion, extension, and radial and ulnar deviation were recorded in degrees by using a universal goniometer for each group. |
| 3 weeks later |
| Wrist active range of motion (ROM)'s | Wrist active ROMs, including flexion, extension, and radial and ulnar deviation were recorded in degrees by using a universal goniometer for each group. | 6 weeks later |
| Wrist active range of motion (ROM)'s | Wrist active ROMs, including flexion, extension, and radial and ulnar deviation were recorded in degrees by using a universal goniometer for each group. | 12 weeks later |
| The functional status of the upper extremity | The functional status of the upper extremity was evaluated using the Turkish version of the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) questionnaire. The DASH questionnaire includes 30 items related to symptoms and activities of daily living. The total score is 100, and a higher score indicates a higher degree of disability. | at the beginning of treatment |
| The functional status of the upper extremity | The functional status of the upper extremity was evaluated using the Turkish version of the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) questionnaire. The DASH questionnaire includes 30 items related to symptoms and activities of daily living. The total score is 100, and a higher score indicates a higher degree of disability. | 3 weeks later |
| The functional status of the upper extremity | The functional status of the upper extremity was evaluated using the Turkish version of the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) questionnaire. The DASH questionnaire includes 30 items related to symptoms and activities of daily living. The total score is 100, and a higher score indicates a higher degree of disability. | 6 weeks later |
| The functional status of the upper extremity | The functional status of the upper extremity was evaluated using the Turkish version of the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) questionnaire. The DASH questionnaire includes 30 items related to symptoms and activities of daily living. The total score is 100, and a higher score indicates a higher degree of disability. | 12 weeks later |
| D000092464 |
| Elbow Injuries |
| D001134 | Arm Injuries |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| D013708 | Tendon Injuries |