Lung cancer is the most common cancer in China from both incidence and mortality rate point of view, with significantly lower 5-year survival rate than average. Early detection is the recognized solution. LDCT is more and more popular accepted as an effective screening methodology but leads to numerous indeterminate pulmonary nodules for physicians to distinguish too. The value of autoantibody test in risk assessing of IPNs as well as early detection of lung cancer in high risk population has been demonstrated in clinical practice and trial but mainly in Caucasian. Purpose of this study is to understand the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of candidate autoantibodies, and consequently explore the autoantibody combination with best clinical performance in Chinese population.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Male or female aged 18 or above.

• Individuals complying with either of the following

  1. diagnosed as lung cancer (histopathologically confirmed);
  2. diagnosed as benign pulmonary nodule (confirmed by pathology or by follow-up based on 2018 Chinese Consensus on Pulmonary Nodule Diagnosis and Treatment);
  3. without pulmonary nodule but with lung cancer risk factor, age & gender matched recruited lung cancer patients.

• Participant is willing and able to provide necessary information required in CRF.

• Participant is willing and able to give informed consent for participation in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of any cancer;
• Lung cancer patient who received or is receiving any treatment, including but not limited to surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.

Individuals diagnosed with lung cancer, benign pulmonary nodule or identified as at-risk healthy volunteer in participating hospitals of this study, from the recruitment starting date, till the end of the study.