Pectus excavatum is the most common chest wall deformity in children, accounting for 90% of all congenital chest wall deformities. It occurs in one to eight per 1000 live births. The severity of the pectus deformity may become more noticeable during pubertal growth spurs and repair is therefore usually performed in the teenage years. A common operative procedure to repair a pectus deformity is the minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE). The MIRPE involves the substernal placement of a contoured metal bar secured to the lateral aspect of the ribs. This metal bar allows for correction of the concave deformity by applying constant outward pressure to the underside of the sternum. Although the cosmetic results are excellent, patients do report significant pain from the constant pressure exerted on the chest wall from the metal bar. Pain management approaches tend to differ on both the provider and institutional level. There is a lack of evidence regarding which postoperative analgesia method is best. To address this research gap, this proposal aims to conduct a randomized controlled trail using the three most commonly used methods; 1) patient controlled analgesia (PCA); 2) erector spinae blocks (ESB) with continuous infusion pumps; and 3) video-assisted intercostal nerve cryoablation (INC).

Pectus excavatum deformity is a common condition in a pediatric surgical practice. While MIRPE provides excellent cosmetic results and is associated with shorter operative time and lower intraoperative blood loss, the immediate correction of the concave deformity with a metal bar places patients in a difficult pain control situation. While multiple postoperative analgesia modalities have been studied, there is still a need for a large, prospective, randomized trial that is appropriately powered to evaluate the best pain control modality after MIRPE. Of the clinically appropriate interventions, ESB and INC have been shown to have comparable LOS after the operation, especially when employed as part of an enhanced recovery pathway (ERP) bundle. Comparing these newer analgesia modalities to the more established PCA approach may help identify the most effective postoperative pain control approach that maximizes the safety profile while minimizing the use of narcotic pain medications after MIRPE.

The investigators propose a prospective randomized trial evaluating the effectiveness of INC, PCA and ESB with continuous local anesthetic infusion via a pain pump delivery system. All groups will follow a multimodal enhanced recovery pathway. Groups will different only in the use of INC, PCA, or ESB.

Since previous studies have reported similarly short LOS for both ESB and INC, but no prospective, direct comparisons of these techniques have been done, we believe comparing these two groups to the more established PCA modality will further advance the field of post MIRPE pain management by providing precise estimates of length of stay (LOS), hospital resource utilization, and other important outcomes that have not received sufficient attention including pain, quality of life, resumption of activities of daily living, and a rigorous survey for potential adverse outcomes. The investigators specifically hypothesize that because of the long-term analgesia of up to 2-3 months, the INC group may experience not only shorter LOS but decreased narcotic use than the ESB and PCA groups, and also improved quality of life, with fewer encounters in the postoperative period (30 days) for pain related concerns.

Inclusion Criteria:

• All patients with a pectus excavatum deformity that will undergo a MIRPE procedure will be included in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• < 12 years old
• > 21 years old
• chronic narcotic preoperative use
• previous repair of pectus excavatum deformity
• previous thoracic surgery
• pregnancy

Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three interventional groups. Study participants and team members will be blinded on randomized group until entering the operating room, at which point the cryoablation machine and instruments will be brought into the room for INC or the anesthesiologist will place ESB. The PCA pump will be connected to the patient's intravenous line at the end of the case.