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The purpose of this experiment is to determine the mechanisms through which parental buffering of stress physiology in response to social evaluative threat diminishes with pubertal development and whether this diminution of effectiveness extends to social buffering by peers (best friends) and/or other unfamiliar social partners (e.g., experimenters).
On visit one, the participant will 1) be seen by a nurse who will complete a pubertal assessment exam, 2) complete questionnaires, including ones on pubertal development, screening for MRI safety, and quality of relations with parents and friends. The participant will also have a chance to experience a simulated MRI in order to determine whether they will be comfortable in an actual MRI.
Within 2 weeks the participant will return to the University where undergo the following protocol. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 4 conditions that differ by who is with them in the scanner room: Primary Parent, Close Friend, Experimenter, No Social Partner. (N=50 per condition, 25 male, 25 female).
Once at the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, participants and the individual who will be with the participant in the scanning room will undergo an MRI safety screening (the repeat of what the investigators completed over the phone). Girls will be shown to a changing room where the investigators will privately question them about any possibility of pregnancy. Participants will be shown into the scanning control room and one more safety check will be performed before they enter the scanner room and the scanner. If they are in one of the social buffering conditions, the social buffering partner will also enter the scanning room and will sit to the side of the scanner.
The scanning bed will then be moved into the barrel of the MRI machine. The participant will be wearing head phones to protect his/her hearing and to receive instructions from the control room. The participant will also be able to see two judges and hear the judges instructions when the participant is in the scanning control room. The participant will then complete a variant or the Trier Social Stress Test, a social evaluative stressor, which produces elevations in heart rate and cortisol.
When saliva is collected, the scanning bed is withdrawn from the barrel of the MRI machine and the participant will be able to see and briefly interact with the social partner while saliva is sampled for steroid collection. Once the scan is over the participant will return to a waiting area and complete additional questionnaires, provide additional saliva samples, and another urine sample.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Parent | Experimental | Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Experimenter, No Social Partner. |
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| Experimenter | Experimental | Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Experimenter, No Social Partner. |
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| No Social Partner | Experimental | Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Experimenter, No Social Partner. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Questionnaires | Other | The participant will complete questionnaires, including ones on pubertal development and quality of relations with parents and friends. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Cortisol AUCi | Area under the curve from initial (baseline) will be calculated and used in the analyses. Description = 9 saliva samples are collected during the course of the assessment. These samples are collected at (1) arrival for training purposes; T=0, (2) scan preparation; T=35 minutes, (3) entering scanner; T=55 minutes, (4) pre-TSST; T=75 minutes, (5) post-TSST; T=100 minutes, (6) pre-math alone; T=110 minutes, (7) post-math alone; T=120 minutes, (8) exiting scanner; T=130 minutes, (9) departure; T=140 minutes. Area under the curve at intercept (AUCi) is calculated using samples 2-7 with sample 2 as the intercept. | 2 hours, approx |
| Change Heart Rate Response | Heart rate will be derived from the EKG signal collected during periods of stress (social evaluation) and non-stress (no evaluation) during the course of the assessment. The variable, heart rate response, is a numeric output (reported in beats per minutes) from validated software (BIOPAC) which is calculated using a regression algorithm. The outcome measure will be reported as the difference between heart rate response during the period of stress and period of non-stress. | 2 hours |
| Dorsal Anterior Cingulate: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas anterior cingulate cortex thresholded at 50% confidence and dorsal to the genu of the corpus callosum. | 2 hours |
| Left Anterior Insula: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the left anterior insula between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas left insula thresholded at 50% confidence and anterior to the region's midpoint. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Self Report of Stress | Self-report of stress using a Likert-type scale with 5 levels of stress felt: (1) Not At All, (2) A Little, (3) Some, (4) A Lot, (5) A Whole Lot. Level of stress was reported for 4 points during the assessment: (1) How stressed did you feel when you first arrived at the University and we were walking into the building, (2) How stressful was the period of time when you were preparing your speech and thinking about what to say?, (3) How stressful was giving the speech?, (4) How stressful was the math with judges?. Mean Stress reactivity was calculated as the mean of (2, 3, 4) minus the value at arrival (1). |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Megan Gunnar, PhD | University of Minnesota | Principal Investigator |
| Kathleen Thomas, PhD | University of Minnesota | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Minnesota | Minneapolis | Minnesota | 55455 | United States |
Note, a fourth arm, Close Friend, was removed from the study protocol in 2021 with programmatic approval and zero enrollment, and therefore has no results to report. Delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic required this cut in order to accomplish the study aims.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Primary Parent | Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room during the stressful task: Primary Parent, Experimenter, No Social Partner. In this case, participants will complete the stressor with the Primary Parent in the MRI room. |
| FG001 | Experimenter | Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room during the stressful task: Primary Parent, Experimenter, No Social Partner. In this case, participants will complete the stressor with the Experimenter in the MRI room. |
| FG002 | No Social Partner | Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room during the stressful task: Primary Parent, Experimenter, No Social Partner. In this case, participants will complete the stressor with No Social Partner in the MRI room. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | No Social Partner | Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 4 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Close Friend, Experimenter, No Social Partner. Questionnaires: The participant will complete questionnaires, including ones on pubertal development and quality of relations with parents and friends. MRI: Within 2 weeks of the first study visit, the participant will return to the University where they will undergo MRI. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change in Cortisol AUCi | Area under the curve from initial (baseline) will be calculated and used in the analyses. Description = 9 saliva samples are collected during the course of the assessment. These samples are collected at (1) arrival for training purposes; T=0, (2) scan preparation; T=35 minutes, (3) entering scanner; T=55 minutes, (4) pre-TSST; T=75 minutes, (5) post-TSST; T=100 minutes, (6) pre-math alone; T=110 minutes, (7) post-math alone; T=120 minutes, (8) exiting scanner; T=130 minutes, (9) departure; T=140 minutes. Area under the curve at intercept (AUCi) is calculated using samples 2-7 with sample 2 as the intercept. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | (ug/dl)*minutes | 2 hours, approx |
|
1 DAY
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | No Social Partner | Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Experimenter, No Social Partner. In this case, there was No Social Partner in the MRI room during the stressor. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bonny Donzella | University of Minnesota | 6126244351 | donzella@umn.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Sep 20, 2022 | Oct 17, 2024 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Sep 26, 2022 | Jun 3, 2024 | ICF_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000294 | Adolescent Behavior |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011795 | Surveys and Questionnaires |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003625 | Data Collection |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D017531 | Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms |
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| MRI | Other | Within 2 weeks of the first study visit, the participant will return to the University where they will undergo MRI. |
|
| 2 hours |
| Right Anterior Insula: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the right anterior insula between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas right insula thresholded at 50% confidence and anterior to the region's midpoint. | 2 hours |
| Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the combination of Harvard-Oxford brain atlas frontal pole, frontal medial cortex, and subcallosal cortex thresholded at 50% confidence and ventral to the genu of the corpus callosum and medial to the lateral edges of the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas frontal medial cortex. | 2 hours |
| Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left dlPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas left middle frontal gyrus thresholded at 50% confidence. | 2 hours |
| Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (right dlPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas right middle frontal gyrus thresholded at 50% confidence. | 2 hours |
| Amygdala-vmPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest) | For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the bilateral amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group. | 2 hours |
| Amygdala-left dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest) | For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group. | 2 hours |
| Amygdala-right dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest) | For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group. | 2 hours |
| Hypothalamus-vmPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest) | For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group. | 2 hours |
| Hypothalamus-left dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech vs. Rest) | For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group. | 2 hours |
| Hypothalamus-right dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech vs. Rest) | For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group. | 2 hours |
| Change in Salivary Alpha Amylase, AUCi | salivary Alpha Amylase is used to index autonomic/sympathetic function. 9 saliva samples are collected during the course of the assessment. These samples are collected at (1) arrival; T=0, (2) scan preparation; T=35 minutes, (3) entering scanner; T=55 minutes, (4) pre-TSST; T=75 minutes, (5) post-TSST; T=100 minutes, (6) pre-math alone; T=110 minutes, (7) post-math alone; T=120 minutes, (8) exiting scanner; T=130 minutes, (9) departure; T=140 minutes. 4 samples (3-6) are assayed for salivary alpha amylase in micrograms per milliliter (sAA). Area under the curve at intercept (AUCi) is calculated using samples 3-6 with sample 3 as the intercept. | 2 hours |
| 2 hours |
| Peer Acceptance/Rejection | Scale on the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire, Potential Covariate, 5pt Scale (1-5), High Scores Indicate Peer Acceptance | Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes |
| Behavioral Inhibition | Scale on the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate, 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate inhibition | Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes |
| Internalizing Symptoms | Higher Order Measure From the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate Internalizing | Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes |
| Externalizing Symptoms | Higher Order Measure From the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate externalizing | Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes |
| Time Since Awakening | Participants self-report the clock time that they woke up on the day of the assessment, and the clock time when the imaging test was done. The difference between these times was calculated and reported in hours. This is only a potential covariate for cortisol, which follows a circadian rhythm. | reported at the beginning of the 2 hour session |
| Pretax Family Income. Potential Covariate | Parents report on gross family income on an 11-point ordinal scale: (1) Less than $15,000, (2) $15,001 to $25,000, (3) $25,001 to $35,000, (4) $35,001 to $50,000, (5) $50,001 to $75,000, (6) $75,001 to $100,000, (7) $100,001 to $125,000, (8) $125,001 to $150,000, (9) $150,001 to $175,000, (10) $175,001 to 200,000, (11) $200,001 or more. | Parent report, collected over 30 minutes |
| Parental Average Education Level. Potential Covariate | Parents report education level for both parents on a 6-point ordinal scale: (1) Less than high school degree, (2) High school or GED, (3) Associate degree, college academia program, (4) Bachelor's degree, (5) Master's degree, (6) Professional and/or Doctorate degree. Average of parents' education is calculated and reported. | Parent report, collected over 30 minutes |
| Caffeine or Nicotine Within 1 Hour of Testing. Potential Covariate | Youth report on whether they consumed caffeine or nicotine in the 1-2 hours prior to the assessment. Coded as no=0, yes=1. Used as a potential covariate for heart rate and neuroendocrine measures. | Youth report, at start of 2 hour session |
| Granger Score | The Granger score (ordinal, modeled continuously) is a score based on work by Doug Granger of medications that can affect activity of the HPA axis, weighted by significance of potential impact (Granger, Hibel, Fortunato, & Kapelewski, 2009). Each medication taken is given a score of 0, 1, or 2, and all medication scores for a participant is summed, resulting in scores from 0 to infinity. Lower scores are less likely to influence cortisol. Potential Covariate | Youth report at the beginning of the 2 hour session |
| Quality of Relationship With Primary Parent, BSV Positive Attachment Scale | Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI) reported by youth for their primary parent on how much they experience various emotions or incidents (e.g. How much free time do you spend with this person?), reported on a 5-point scale: (1) Little or None, (2) Somewhat, (3) Very Much, (4) Extremely Much, (5) The Most. Mean scores calculated from all positive attachment items, range 1-5. Potential Covariate. | Youth report, collected over course of 30 minutes |
| Quality of Relationship With Close Friend, BSV Positive Attachment Scale | Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI) reported by youth for their close friend on how much they experience various emotions or incidents (e.g. How much free time do you spend with this person?), reported on a 5-point scale: (1) Little or None, (2) Somewhat, (3) Very Much, (4) Extremely Much, (5) The Most. Mean scores calculated from all positive attachment items, ranging 1-5. Potential Covariate. | Youth reported, collected over course of 30 minutes |
| BG001 | Primary Parent | Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 4 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Close Friend, Experimenter, No Social Partner. Questionnaires: The participant will complete questionnaires, including ones on pubertal development and quality of relations with parents and friends. MRI: Within 2 weeks of the first study visit, the participant will return to the University where they will undergo MRI. |
| BG002 | Experimenter | Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 4 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Close Friend, Experimenter, No Social Partner. Questionnaires: The participant will complete questionnaires, including ones on pubertal development and quality of relations with parents and friends. MRI: Within 2 weeks of the first study visit, the participant will return to the University where they will undergo MRI. |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
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| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 4 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Close Friend, Experimenter, No Social Partner.
Questionnaires: The participant will complete questionnaires, including ones on pubertal development and quality of relations with parents and friends.
MRI: Within 2 weeks of the first study visit, the participant will return to the University where they will undergo MRI.
| OG001 | Primary Parent | Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 4 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Close Friend, Experimenter, No Social Partner. Questionnaires: The participant will complete questionnaires, including ones on pubertal development and quality of relations with parents and friends. MRI: Within 2 weeks of the first study visit, the participant will return to the University where they will undergo MRI. |
| OG002 | Experimenter | Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 4 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Close Friend, Experimenter, No Social Partner. Questionnaires: The participant will complete questionnaires, including ones on pubertal development and quality of relations with parents and friends. MRI: Within 2 weeks of the first study visit, the participant will return to the University where they will undergo MRI. |
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| Primary | Change Heart Rate Response | Heart rate will be derived from the EKG signal collected during periods of stress (social evaluation) and non-stress (no evaluation) during the course of the assessment. The variable, heart rate response, is a numeric output (reported in beats per minutes) from validated software (BIOPAC) which is calculated using a regression algorithm. The outcome measure will be reported as the difference between heart rate response during the period of stress and period of non-stress. | Originally, we intended to capture heart rate date from EKG signal collected while the participant was in the MRI. During data extraction/analysis, we were unable to reliably separate out the interfering noise caused by the MRI scanner from the EKG signal. Therefore, these data are not available to be reported. Instead, we extracted data from a pulse oximeter reading on the available subset of participants, and report that data here. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | beats per minute | 2 hours |
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| Primary | Dorsal Anterior Cingulate: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas anterior cingulate cortex thresholded at 50% confidence and dorsal to the genu of the corpus callosum. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | % change in BOLD signal | 2 hours |
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| Primary | Left Anterior Insula: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the left anterior insula between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas left insula thresholded at 50% confidence and anterior to the region's midpoint. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | % change in BOLD signal | 2 hours |
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| Primary | Right Anterior Insula: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the right anterior insula between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas right insula thresholded at 50% confidence and anterior to the region's midpoint. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | % change in BOLD signal | 2 hours |
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| Primary | Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the combination of Harvard-Oxford brain atlas frontal pole, frontal medial cortex, and subcallosal cortex thresholded at 50% confidence and ventral to the genu of the corpus callosum and medial to the lateral edges of the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas frontal medial cortex. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | % change in BOLD signal | 2 hours |
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| Primary | Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left dlPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas left middle frontal gyrus thresholded at 50% confidence. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | % change in BOLD signal | 2 hours |
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| Primary | Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (right dlPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas right middle frontal gyrus thresholded at 50% confidence. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | % change in BOLD signal | 2 hours |
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| Primary | Amygdala-vmPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest) | For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the bilateral amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | difference in r-correlation coefficient | 2 hours |
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| Primary | Amygdala-left dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest) | For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | difference in r-correlation coefficient | 2 hours |
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| Primary | Amygdala-right dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest) | For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | difference in r-correlation coefficient | 2 hours |
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| Primary | Hypothalamus-vmPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest) | For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | difference in r-correlation coefficient | 2 hours |
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| Primary | Hypothalamus-left dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech vs. Rest) | For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | difference in r-correlation coefficient | 2 hours |
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| Primary | Hypothalamus-right dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech vs. Rest) | For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | difference in r-correlation coefficient | 2 hours |
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| Primary | Change in Salivary Alpha Amylase, AUCi | salivary Alpha Amylase is used to index autonomic/sympathetic function. 9 saliva samples are collected during the course of the assessment. These samples are collected at (1) arrival; T=0, (2) scan preparation; T=35 minutes, (3) entering scanner; T=55 minutes, (4) pre-TSST; T=75 minutes, (5) post-TSST; T=100 minutes, (6) pre-math alone; T=110 minutes, (7) post-math alone; T=120 minutes, (8) exiting scanner; T=130 minutes, (9) departure; T=140 minutes. 4 samples (3-6) are assayed for salivary alpha amylase in micrograms per milliliter (sAA). Area under the curve at intercept (AUCi) is calculated using samples 3-6 with sample 3 as the intercept. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | (micrograms per milliliter) * minutes | 2 hours |
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| Secondary | Self Report of Stress | Self-report of stress using a Likert-type scale with 5 levels of stress felt: (1) Not At All, (2) A Little, (3) Some, (4) A Lot, (5) A Whole Lot. Level of stress was reported for 4 points during the assessment: (1) How stressed did you feel when you first arrived at the University and we were walking into the building, (2) How stressful was the period of time when you were preparing your speech and thinking about what to say?, (3) How stressful was giving the speech?, (4) How stressful was the math with judges?. Mean Stress reactivity was calculated as the mean of (2, 3, 4) minus the value at arrival (1). | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 2 hours |
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| Secondary | Peer Acceptance/Rejection | Scale on the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire, Potential Covariate, 5pt Scale (1-5), High Scores Indicate Peer Acceptance | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes |
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| Secondary | Behavioral Inhibition | Scale on the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate, 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate inhibition | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes |
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| Secondary | Internalizing Symptoms | Higher Order Measure From the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate Internalizing | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes |
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| Secondary | Externalizing Symptoms | Higher Order Measure From the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate externalizing | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes |
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| Secondary | Time Since Awakening | Participants self-report the clock time that they woke up on the day of the assessment, and the clock time when the imaging test was done. The difference between these times was calculated and reported in hours. This is only a potential covariate for cortisol, which follows a circadian rhythm. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | hours | reported at the beginning of the 2 hour session |
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| Secondary | Pretax Family Income. Potential Covariate | Parents report on gross family income on an 11-point ordinal scale: (1) Less than $15,000, (2) $15,001 to $25,000, (3) $25,001 to $35,000, (4) $35,001 to $50,000, (5) $50,001 to $75,000, (6) $75,001 to $100,000, (7) $100,001 to $125,000, (8) $125,001 to $150,000, (9) $150,001 to $175,000, (10) $175,001 to 200,000, (11) $200,001 or more. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | scores on a scale | Parent report, collected over 30 minutes |
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| Secondary | Parental Average Education Level. Potential Covariate | Parents report education level for both parents on a 6-point ordinal scale: (1) Less than high school degree, (2) High school or GED, (3) Associate degree, college academia program, (4) Bachelor's degree, (5) Master's degree, (6) Professional and/or Doctorate degree. Average of parents' education is calculated and reported. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | scores on a scale | Parent report, collected over 30 minutes |
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| Secondary | Caffeine or Nicotine Within 1 Hour of Testing. Potential Covariate | Youth report on whether they consumed caffeine or nicotine in the 1-2 hours prior to the assessment. Coded as no=0, yes=1. Used as a potential covariate for heart rate and neuroendocrine measures. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Youth report, at start of 2 hour session |
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| Secondary | Granger Score | The Granger score (ordinal, modeled continuously) is a score based on work by Doug Granger of medications that can affect activity of the HPA axis, weighted by significance of potential impact (Granger, Hibel, Fortunato, & Kapelewski, 2009). Each medication taken is given a score of 0, 1, or 2, and all medication scores for a participant is summed, resulting in scores from 0 to infinity. Lower scores are less likely to influence cortisol. Potential Covariate | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Youth report at the beginning of the 2 hour session |
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| Secondary | Quality of Relationship With Primary Parent, BSV Positive Attachment Scale | Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI) reported by youth for their primary parent on how much they experience various emotions or incidents (e.g. How much free time do you spend with this person?), reported on a 5-point scale: (1) Little or None, (2) Somewhat, (3) Very Much, (4) Extremely Much, (5) The Most. Mean scores calculated from all positive attachment items, range 1-5. Potential Covariate. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | scores on a scale | Youth report, collected over course of 30 minutes |
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| Secondary | Quality of Relationship With Close Friend, BSV Positive Attachment Scale | Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI) reported by youth for their close friend on how much they experience various emotions or incidents (e.g. How much free time do you spend with this person?), reported on a 5-point scale: (1) Little or None, (2) Somewhat, (3) Very Much, (4) Extremely Much, (5) The Most. Mean scores calculated from all positive attachment items, ranging 1-5. Potential Covariate. | 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | scores on a scale | Youth reported, collected over course of 30 minutes |
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| 0 |
| 72 |
| 0 |
| 72 |
| 0 |
| 72 |
| EG001 | Primary Parent | Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Experimenter, No Social Partner. In this case, the Primary Parent was in the MRI room during the stressor. | 0 | 72 | 0 | 72 | 0 | 72 |
| EG002 | Experimenter | Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Experimenter, No Social Partner. In this case, the Experimenter was in the MRI room during the stressor. | 0 | 64 | 0 | 64 | 0 | 64 |
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| D011787 | Quality of Health Care |
| D017530 | Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation |
| D011634 | Public Health |
| D004778 | Environment and Public Health |