People with COPD who also report pain more often than not over the previous 3 months

People with COPD who do not report pain more often than not over the previous 3 months

Groups are defined by their naturally occurring exposure to pain or not

BESTest is a quantitative assessment tool that identifies disordered systems underlying postural control that are responsible for poor functional balance. It was developed for clinicians to differentiate balance problems into six underlying systems that may constrain balance. It was developed from the theoretical understanding of balance control systems based on Bernstein's concept that postural control results from a set of interacting systems. It has 36 items that evaluate performance of 6 balance systems: bio-mechanical constraints, stability limits/verticality, anticipatory responses, postural responses, sensory orientation, and stability in gait. A higher score indicates better balance.

The Berg balance scale is used to objectively determine a patient's ability (or inability) to safely balance during a series of predetermined tasks. It is a 14 item list with each item consisting of a five-point ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 4, with 0 indicating the lowest level of function and 4 the highest level of function. A total score of 56 is available, higher scores indicate better balance.

The 30 Second Sit to Stand Test is also known as 30 second chair stand test, and tests leg strength and endurance in older adults. A higher number of completed sit to stands in 30 seconds indicates better lower limb endurance.