Participants were active water polo players who train regularly with ages in between 10-30 years.

Five main parameters of the shoulder were assessed: the flexibility of pectoralis minor muscle, tightness of the posterior shoulder capsule, glenohumeral range of motion of internal and external rotation (sum of internal and external rotation: total range of motion), the strength of rotator cuff muscles and scapula position. As core parameters, trunk muscle endurance (flexor, extensor, and laterals) and core stability were evaluated.

Participants who do not engage in overhead sports with ages in between 10-30 years.

Five main parameters of the shoulder were assessed: the flexibility of pectoralis minor muscle, tightness of the posterior shoulder capsule, glenohumeral range of motion of internal and external rotation (sum of internal and external rotation: total range of motion), the strength of rotator cuff muscles and scapula position. As core parameters, trunk muscle endurance (flexor, extensor, and laterals) and core stability were evaluated.

Five main parameters of the shoulder were assessed: the flexibility of pectoralis minor muscle, tightness of the posterior shoulder capsule, glenohumeral range of motion of internal and external rotation (sum of internal and external rotation: total range of motion), the strength of rotator cuff muscles and scapula position. As core parameters, trunk muscle endurance (flexor, extensor, and laterals) and core stability were evaluated.

Glenohumeral rotations were assessed with the subject lying supine with their shoulder in 90° abduction, 90° elbow flexion and the forearm pronated. Shoulder and elbow alignment were provided with the help of the towel. For external rotation, the goniometer's axis was placed on olecranon process of ulna, the stationary arm was placed perpendicular to the floor and moving arm was placed on ulnar border of forearm toward ulnar styloid process. For internal rotation, the goniometer's axis was positioned on the same area. Then, its stationary arm was positioned perpendicular to the floor and the moving arm was placed on ulnar border of forearm toward ulnar styloid process. The angle was recorded in degrees, three trials were performed and the average taken. Subjects were evaluated by the same physiotherapist to control measurement error.

Goniometer measurement of horizontal adduction (Add) angle was used for Posterior shoulder tightness (PST). Shoulder was 90° of abduction (Abd) and elbow was flexed 90° of flexion in supine position. The scapula was stabilized using the thenar part of hand on the lateral edge of the scapula and the other hand was used to move the arm in horizontal Add. The goniometer's axis was placed on Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ), the stationary arm was directed parallel to the ground and the goniometer's mobile arm was placed on lateral epicondyle of the humerus. No scapular protraction and elevation were allowed. Shoulders with a smaller horizontal abduction angle showed a stiffness of posterior capsule.

Maximum isometric shoulder rotation strengths were evaluated using a hand-held dynamometer (HHD) with all measurements recorded in newton meter. The arm was positioned at 45° of abduction, elbow was flexed to 90° and shoulder was at 30° of horizontal adduction. For evaluation of internal rotation strength, the HHD was located on the volar side of the wrist 2 cm proximal to the radial styloid and on the dorsal aspect for testing of external rotation strength. To evaluate external rotation strength, the subject was instructed to externally rotate the examining shoulder against HHD while the humerus was stabilized; under same circumstances to measure internal rotation strength the subject was instructed to internally rotated. Subjects were instructed to perform isometric contraction for 5 seconds during the test. Between maximal isometric contractions, 30 seconds of resting intervals were given. The average values of the three trials were taken.

Pectoralis Minor muscle flexibility decision was measuring distance between the acromion of the scapula and examination table by tape in supine, when both shoulders were in loose position. Elbow flexion was obtained by using a towel for reducing the activity of Biceps Brachii and the Coracobrachialis muscles. The absence of anterior tilt of the shoulder was considered as normal.