The incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common heart rhythm disorder, is increasing. The symptoms of AF include: unpleasant heartbeats; difficulty breathing; tiredness; dizziness; and, reduced exercise capacity. Patients with AF have lower quality of life, higher mental distress, and higher risk of heart disease and stroke when compared to the general population. Further, patients with non-permanent AF tend to experience more severe symptoms and substantial reductions in quality of life when compared to patients with permanent AF.

Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of developing AF and accounts for about 20% of patients with non-permanent AF. High blood glucose concentrations and increased blood glucose fluctuations (large and frequent upward and downward blood glucose swings) are commonly seen in type 2 diabetes. Increased blood glucose fluctuations may worsen AF symptoms and quality of life in patients with AF.

Exercise improves quality of life and mental health and reduces risk of developing heart disease and stroke. However, no clinical guidelines for managing AF include exercise. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), a form of exercise that alternates between intense bouts of exercise and less intense recovery periods, is a time-efficient approach to improve blood glucose fluctuations in type 2 diabetes. In healthy individuals and in patients with coronary artery disease, HIIT also improves quality of life and mental health. Currently, the effect of HIIT on blood glucose fluctuations, AF symptom severity and quality of life in patients with AF living with type 2 diabetes is unknown. Also, the links between blood glucose fluctuations and AF symptom severity and quality of life have not been investigated.

There is a global epidemic of AF, the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Given an aging population and physically inactive lifestyles, the prevalence of AF and T2D is expected to increase. AF is a progressive disorder with three principal subtypes: paroxysmal AF (AF that self-terminates within <7 days), persistent AF (AF that lasts >7 days and is terminated by medications or procedures) and permanent AF (patient and treating physician agree not to pursue further intervention). AF-related symptoms are disabling and highly variable, including exercise intolerance, palpitations, breathlessness, fatigue, dizziness and mental distress. Patients with non-permanent AF experience more severe symptoms when compared to those with permanent AF, and suffer from substantial reductions in quality of life (QoL) and increased risk of major cerebrovascular events, cardiovascular events and mortality.

T2D is a risk factor for developing AF and approximately 20% of non-permanent AF patients (i.e. paroxysmal and persistent AF) suffer from this condition. T2D is characterized by insulin resistance and insulin insufficiency leading to high blood glucose concentrations. Inadequate or poor glycemic control leads to increases in glycemic variability (GV, amplitude and frequency of blood glucose oscillations from either high to low or low to high). GV is considered to exacerbate AF symptoms severity by increasing: (1) inflammation; (2) oxidative stress; and, (3) autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Emerging evidence also highlights associations between GV and poor QoL and negative mood in patients with T2D.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT), a form of exercise that involves periods of short, intense exercise bouts interspersed by less intense recovery periods, has emerged as a time-efficient and practical approach to improving GV. Importantly, only 10 HIIT sessions over 2 weeks have been shown to lower GV in patients with T2D. A systematic review (N=50 studies) revealed that HIIT improves insulin resistance and blood glucose control (glycated hemoglobin A1C) when compared to controls (i.e. no exercise) in patients with metabolic syndrome or T2D. HIIT also increases QoL in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) following 4 weeks of exercise training; reduces inflammatory markers (i.e. interleukin-6 [IL-6] and C-reactive protein [CRP]30) in patients with CAD; attenuates markers of oxidative stress in healthy adults in 3 weeks; and improves cardiac autonomic nervous system function in healthy sedentary men in 2 weeks.

The recent American Diabetes Association guidelines recommend HIIT as a strategy to control blood glucose in patients with T2D. However, neither national nor international clinical guidelines for managing AF include exercise. The absence of exercise from these guidelines in the face of increasing evidence of its physical and mental health benefits reflects a lost opportunity to provide AF patients with better treatment options, particularly those who suffer from concomitant T2D. The effects of HIIT on GV, AF symptom severity and QoL in non-permanent AF patients with T2D are unknown, and the associations between GV and AF symptom severity and QoL remain to be investigated. Examining the impact of HIIT on GV, AF symptom severity and QoL may provide a novel, feasible and time-efficient therapeutic option for non-permanent AF patients with T2D who are searching for better treatment options.

Inclusion Criteria:

• non-permanent atrial fibrillation
• diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
• non-smokers
• able to perform a symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET)
• rate controlled with a resting ventricular rate of ≤110 beats per minute

Exclusion Criteria:

• uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (A1C >10 % or presence of type 2 diabetes-related complications
• on exogenous insulin
• unstable diagnosed angina
• diagnosed severe mitral or aortic stenosis
• diagnosed hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with significant obstruction
• presence of self-reported alcohol or substance abuse
• unable to provide written, informed consent