Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with a loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia and is characterized by several cardinal motor signs. In addition to the commonly recognized motor symptoms, cognitive impairments are also often observed in people with PD. Unlike motor deficits, cognitive impairments are not always responsive to dopaminergic treatment. While medication may ameliorate some cognitive dysfunctions (e.g., executive function), it may exacerbate others (e.g., motor learning). Therefore, it is crucial for clinicians to look for treatment approaches, other than medication, to enhance cognitive function. In this proposed study, the investigators are especially interested in determining a method to enhance motor learning ability in people with PD.

Motor learning deficits in people with PD have been well established through different tasks including motor adaptation task such as maintain balance on a stabilometer or motor sequence task such as performing a serial reaction time task (SRTT). Motor sequence learning is important in acquiring real-life motor skill such as tying shoes laces. Based on the past evidences, people with PD have impairments in motor sequence learning, particularly in implicit sequence learning. Since implicit motor sequence learning constitutes a critical part of everyday activities such as typing and changing clothes, establishing an approach to enhance implicit sequence learning is important.

In the literature conducted with non-disable adults, one of the most effective method to enhance motor learning is aerobic exercise. Only one study, to the best of knowledge, has investigated the effect of aerobic exercise on learning to maintain balance on a stabilometer in people with PD. To date, no study has investigated whether a single bout of aerobic exercise could improve implicit sequence learning in PD. Therefore, the goal of this proposed study is to investigate the effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on implicit sequence learning and the associated neurophysiological changes in people with PD.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia and is characterized by several cardinal motor signs, such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. In addition to the commonly recognized motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms such as olfactory dysfunction, emotional issues, autonomic dysfunction and cognitive impairments are also often observed in people with PD. Among these non-motor symptoms, cognitive dysfunction is the most disturbing deficit and can hugely affect an individual's daily activity. Unlike motor deficits, these cognitive impairments are not always responsive to dopaminergic treatment. While medication may ameliorate some cognitive dysfunctions (e.g., executive function), it may exacerbate others (e.g., motor learning).Therefore, it is crucial for clinicians to look for treatment approaches, other than medication, to enhance cognitive function . In this proposed study, the investigators are especially interested in determining a method to enhance motor learning ability and reduce motor learning deficit in people with PD as motor learning is a crucial basis in learning new skills and optimizing activities of daily living.

Motor learning deficits in people with PD have been well established through different tasks including motor adaptation task such as maintain balance on a stabilometer or motor sequence task such as performing a serial reaction time task (SRTT). Motor sequence learning is important in acquiring real-life motor skill such as tying shoes laces and using chopsticks. There are two types of experiment paradigms to assess motor sequence learning, they are implicit sequence task and explicit sequence task. Compared with age-matched non-disable adults, people with PD demonstrated different level of impairments in learning those tasks. In this study, the investigators will especially focus on the impairment in motor sequence learning in people with PD. Based on the evidences, implicit sequence learning is more affected in people in PD compared to explicit sequence learning. Since implicit motor sequence learning constitutes a critical part of everyday activities such as typing and changing clothes, therefore the investigators are more interested in exploring implicit sequence learning in people with PD.

As previously reviewed, motor learning dysfunction could not be ameliorated by dopaminergic intake, thus several researchers aimed to find alternative method to improve motor learning ability. In the literature conducted with non-disable adults, one of the most effective method to enhance motor learning is aerobic exercise.7 Rhee et al. (2016) conducted a study and showed that a single bout of 20 minutes high intensity aerobic exercise can improve the performance of a finger sequence learning task in non-disable adults. Only one study, to the best of our knowledge, has investigated the effect of aerobic exercise on learning to maintain balance on a stabilometer in people with PD. The participants with PD were required to perform a single bout of 30-minute moderate intensity (60-70% VO2max) cycling exercise before practicing the stabilometer task. Their results found that compared to the non-aerobic condition, 30 minutes of aerobic exercise led to great improvements in motor performance at retention. However, there are some limitations of this study which may influence the result. First of all, 30 minutes of aerobic exercise before skill learning might be too fatiguing for people with PD, and might compromise subsequent practice of the stabilometer task. Furthermore, the authors found improvements in maintaining balance on a stabilometer but the related neurophysiological changes have not been determined. Therefore, the goal of this proposed study is to modify the above limitations and to conduct a study to investigate the effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise to implicit sequence learning and the related neurophysiological changes in people with PD. More importantly, the investigatorse would like to investigate whether corticomotor excitability will change along with motor learning improvement in people with PD.

The purpose of this proposed study is to explore whether a single-bout aerobic exercise could enhance implicit motor sequence learning in people with PD. Moreover, the neurophysiological changes associated with aerobic exercise and learning will be determined.

Inclusion Criteria:

• 1) able to follow instructions to perform the tasks
• 2) without other neurological disorders in addition to PD
• 3) no surgery or injury of the upper extremities in recent 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

• 1) deep brain stimulation or pacemaker implanted
• 2) a self-history of seizure
• 3) unstable medical conditions
• 4) a blood-relative with a history of epilepsy

Participants diagnosed of idiopathic PD and non-disabled age-matched controls will be recruited.