In this study, the efficacy of add-on modified Atkins diet will be compared with add-on Levetiracetam in children with refractory epilepsy in a randomized open label trial. The results will aid clinicians in deciding the treatment options when a child has been diagnosed to have refractory epilepsy.

Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate seizures and by the neurobiologic, cognitive, psychological and social consequences of this condition. Epilepsy is a disabling and common neurological condition which rank 4th in the world's neurological disorder burden, which can be controlled successfully in most of the patients with one or more antiepileptic drugs. But approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy have refractory epilepsy, which is, a failure to respond to adequate trials of two tolerated, appropriately chosen and used antiepileptic drug schedules to achieve sustained relief of seizures.Many severe and catastrophic epilepsies present in children such as West syndrome, Lennox Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome. Uncontrolled epilepsy carries significant risks for the affected child, such as injuries, cognitive and behavioural problems. Epilepsy surgery is a good option but it is expensive and not easily available. Also, many children with refractory epilepsy are not good surgical candidates. Hence there is a need to consider alternative treatments in these children.

The ketogenic diet is an individually calculated and rigidly controlled high-fat, low carbohydrate diet used for the treatment of difficult to control seizures. The ketogenic diet is an effective treatment option for refractory childhood epilepsy however it is very restrictive and difficult to implement in low resource settings. The modified Atkins diet is a less restrictive alternative to the traditional ketogenic diet. This diet is started on an outpatient basis without a fast, and allows unlimited protein and fat. This diet has been shown to be equally effective as the ketogenic diet and a useful option in resource-constraint settings. The modified Atkins diet has been demonstrated to be effective in refractory childhood epilepsy in two randomized controlled trials from India. However, in both these trials the control groups continued their ongoing antiepileptic medication without any new treatment.

Levetiracetam is one of the newer antiepileptic drugs available for treating drug resistant epilepsy. It is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug effective in most seizure types. It also has an excellent pharmacokinetics and tolerability profile with no known pharmacokinetic interactions. Use of levetiracetam as an add on drug in refractory childhood epilepsy recently in some published studies has shown good efficacy.

In this study, the efficacy of add-on modified Atkins diet will be compared with add-on Levetiracetam in children with refractory epilepsy in a randomized open label trial. The results will aid clinicians in deciding the treatment options when a child has been diagnosed to have refractory epilepsy.

Inclusion Criteria:

Seizures persisting more than 3 per week despite the use of at least 2 appropriate anti-epileptic drugs in appropriate doses -

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Known or suspected inborn error of metabolism

2. Surgically remediable causes of epilepsy such as tumours, cortical dysplasia, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy etc with refractory focal epilepsy.

3. Prior use of the ketogenic or modified Atkins diet or levetiracetam.

4. Systemic illness- chronic hepatic, renal or pulmonary disease

5. Prior history of depression or severe behavioural problems.

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