This study was aimed to assess the efficacy and factors affecting the success of hot water irrigation in management of posterior epistaxis.

Epistaxis has been reported to occur in up to 60% of general population.This condition has incidence peaks at ages younger than 10 years and older than 50 years. Epistaxis appears to occur more in males than females . In rare cases massive nasal bleeding can lead to death.

Nasal bleeding usually responds to first aid measures such as compression.When Epistaxis doesn't respond to simple measures. The source of bleeding should be located and treated appropriately. Treatment options to be considered include topical vasoconstriction, chemical cautery, electrocautery, nasal packing, posterior gauze packing, use of balloon system, and arterial ligation or embolization. Hospital admission should be considered with patients with comorbid conditions or complication of blood loss.

Nasal Hot water irrigation was first described by Guice in 1878 as an effective method of treating severe life-threatening epistaxis. However, the technique was already in use by nineteenth century obstetricians as a method of treating postpartum bleeding . In the second half of the twenties century, nasal packing products and the development of endoscopic sinus surgery almost completely replaced the irrigation technique as treatment for posterior epistaxis. However, Stangerup et al. (1996) have demonstrated that hot water irrigation, using temperatures of up to 50°C, produces vasodilation and oedema of the nasal mucosa without the risk of necrosis and accelerating the clotting cascade.

Hot water irrigation had a higher success rate (55 %) in treating posterior epistaxis, compared with nasal packing (44 %) .Using a modified irrigation technique, was able to stop bleeding permanently in up to 82 %of cases of posterior epistaxis, including patients receiving antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants . During a follow-up period of four to 24 months. Furthermore, successful hot water irrigation was associated with less nasal trauma, significantly less pain, fewer surgical procedures and avoidance of a hospital stay.

Inclusion Criteria:

• patients age: > 10 years.
• Failed first aid measures.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients age < 10 years old.
• Patients with anterior epistaxis.
• Patients presented with hemorrhagic shock.
• Patients presented with post-surgical bleeding.
• Suspected nasal pathology e.g tumors or trauma.

This study is including patients with spontaneous posterior epistaxis referred to ENT Department, Assiut University Hospital. .