Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Code Sepsis protocol (full implementation): Implementation of a coordinated, structured, multidisciplinary team-based protocol for initial evaluation and treatment of ED patients with suspected sepsis.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department with sepsis before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Differences-in-differences analysis using multivariable logistic regression to estimate the change in outcome after versus before intervention implementation at the intervention site adjusted for the change observed at control sites and for subjects' age, sex, Elixhauser Comorbidity Score, ED arrival via ambulance, English language preference, temperature, systolic blood pressure, Acute Physiology Score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and ED-diagnosed source of infection.

Change in all-cause 30-day mortality risk associated with Code Sepsis implementation derived from adjusted differences-in-differences analysis

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Code Sepsis protocol (full implementation): Implementation of a coordinated, structured, multidisciplinary team-based protocol for initial evaluation and treatment of ED patients with suspected sepsis.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department with sepsis before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Differences-in-differences analysis using multivariable logistic regression to estimate the change in outcome after versus before intervention implementation at the intervention site adjusted for the change observed at control sites and for subjects' age, sex, Elixhauser Comorbidity Score, ED arrival via ambulance, English language preference, temperature, systolic blood pressure, Acute Physiology Score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and ED-diagnosed source of infection.

Change in all-cause 1-year mortality risk associated with Code Sepsis implementation derived from adjusted differences-in-differences analysis

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Code Sepsis protocol (full implementation): Implementation of a coordinated, structured, multidisciplinary team-based protocol for initial evaluation and treatment of ED patients with suspected sepsis.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department with sepsis before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Differences-in-differences analysis using multivariable logistic regression to estimate the change in outcome after versus before intervention implementation at the intervention site adjusted for the change observed at control sites and for subjects' age, sex, Elixhauser Comorbidity Score, ED arrival via ambulance, English language preference, temperature, systolic blood pressure, Acute Physiology Score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and ED-diagnosed source of infection.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Code Sepsis protocol (full implementation): Implementation of a coordinated, structured, multidisciplinary team-based protocol for initial evaluation and treatment of ED patients with suspected sepsis.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department with sepsis before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Differences-in-differences analysis using multivariable gamma regression to estimate the change in outcome after versus before intervention implementation at the intervention site adjusted for the change observed at control sites and for subjects' age, sex, Elixhauser Comorbidity Score, ED arrival via ambulance, English language preference, temperature, systolic blood pressure, Acute Physiology Score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and ED-diagnosed source of infection.

Change in hospital charges ($1000s) associated with Code Sepsis implementation derived from adjusted differences-in-differences analysis

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Code Sepsis protocol (full implementation): Implementation of a coordinated, structured, multidisciplinary team-based protocol for initial evaluation and treatment of ED patients with suspected sepsis.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department with sepsis before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Differences-in-differences analysis using multivariable gamma regression to estimate the change in outcome after versus before intervention implementation at the intervention site adjusted for the change observed at control sites and for subjects' age, sex, Elixhauser Comorbidity Score, ED arrival via ambulance, English language preference, temperature, systolic blood pressure, Acute Physiology Score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and ED-diagnosed source of infection.

Change in hospital length of stay (days) associated with Code Sepsis implementation derived from adjusted differences-in-differences analysis

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting to the ED of the intervention hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years presenting to the ED of the intervention hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting to the ED of the control hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting to the ED of the control hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Differences-in-differences analysis using multivariable logistic regression to estimate the change in outcome after versus before intervention implementation at the intervention site adjusted for the change observed at control sites and for prespecified covariates.

Model adjusted for age, sex, Elixhauser Comorbidity Score, ED arrival via ambulance, language preference, temperature, systolic blood pressure, Acute Physiology Score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and ED-diagnosed source of infection.

Change in antimicrobial treatment risk associated with Code Sepsis implementation derived from adjusted differences-in-differences analysis.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Code Sepsis protocol (full implementation): Implementation of a coordinated, structured, multidisciplinary team-based protocol for initial evaluation and treatment of ED patients with suspected sepsis.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department with sepsis before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Differences-in-differences analysis using multivariable logistic regression to estimate the change in outcome after versus before intervention implementation at the intervention site adjusted for the change observed at control sites and for subjects' age, sex, Elixhauser Comorbidity Score, ED arrival via ambulance, English language preference, temperature, systolic blood pressure, Acute Physiology Score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and ED-diagnosed source of infection.

Change in risk for possible antimicrobial-associated adverse event associated with Code Sepsis implementation derived from adjusted differences-in-differences analysis

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting to the ED of the intervention hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years presenting to the ED of the intervention hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting to the ED of the control hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting to the ED of the control hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Differences-in-differences analysis using multivariable logistic regression to estimate the change in outcome after versus before intervention implementation at the intervention site adjusted for the change observed at control sites and for prespecified covariates.

Model adjusted for age, sex, Elixhauser Comorbidity Score, ED arrival via ambulance, language preference, temperature, systolic blood pressure, Acute Physiology Score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and ED-diagnosed source of infection.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Code Sepsis protocol (full implementation): Implementation of a coordinated, structured, multidisciplinary team-based protocol for initial evaluation and treatment of ED patients with suspected sepsis.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department with sepsis before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Differences-in-differences analysis using multivariable logistic regression to estimate the change in outcome after versus before intervention implementation at the intervention site adjusted for the change observed at control sites and for subjects' age, sex, Elixhauser Comorbidity Score, ED arrival via ambulance, English language preference, temperature, systolic blood pressure, Acute Physiology Score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and ED-diagnosed source of infection.

Change in new-onset Clostridium difficile colitis risk associated with Code Sepsis implementation derived from adjusted differences-in-differences analysis.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting to the ED of the intervention hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years presenting to the ED of the intervention hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting to the ED of the control hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting to the ED of the control hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Differences-in-differences analysis using multivariable logistic regression to estimate the change in outcome after versus before intervention implementation at the intervention site adjusted for the change observed at control sites and for prespecified covariates.

Change in new-onset Clostridium difficile colitis risk associated with Code Sepsis implementation derived from adjusted differences-in-differences analysis.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who had a primary hospital discharge diagnosis of congestive heart failure or venous thromboembolism and no discharge diagnosis consistent with infection and who received usual care after presenting to the intervention hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years who had a primary hospital discharge diagnosis of congestive heart failure or venous thromboembolism and no discharge diagnosis consistent with infection and who presented to the intervention hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Code Sepsis protocol (full implementation): Implementation of a coordinated, structured, multidisciplinary team-based protocol for initial evaluation and treatment of ED patients with suspected sepsis.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who had a primary hospital discharge diagnosis of congestive heart failure or venous thromboembolism and no discharge diagnosis consistent with infection and who received usual care after presenting to the control hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who had a primary hospital discharge diagnosis of congestive heart failure or venous thromboembolism and no discharge diagnosis consistent with infection and who received usual care after presenting to the control hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Differences-in-differences analysis using multivariable logistic regression to estimate the change in outcome after versus before intervention implementation at the intervention site adjusted for the change observed at control sites and for prespecified covariates.

Change in risk for antimicrobial administration in the ED associated with Code Sepsis implementation derived from adjusted differences-in-differences analysis

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years presenting with sepsis to the intervention hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Code Sepsis protocol (full implementation): Implementation of a coordinated, structured, multidisciplinary team-based protocol for initial evaluation and treatment of ED patients with suspected sepsis.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who received usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department with sepsis before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting with sepsis to the control hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Differences-in-differences analysis using multivariable ??? regression to estimate the change in outcome after versus before intervention implementation at the intervention site adjusted for the change observed at control sites and for subjects' age, sex, Elixhauser Comorbidity Score, ED arrival via ambulance, English language preference, temperature, systolic blood pressure, Acute Physiology Score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and ED-diagnosed source of infection.

Change in total spectrum score of antibiotics administered within 24 hours of ED arrival associated with Code Sepsis implementation derived from adjusted differences-in-differences analysis

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting to the ED of the intervention hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years presenting to the ED of the intervention hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation).

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting to the ED of the control hospital emergency department before implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Adult patients age ≥18 years who receive usual care after presenting to the ED of the control hospital emergency department after implementation of sepsis care reorganization (Code Sepsis implementation) at the intervention hospital.

Differences-in-differences analysis using multivariable linear regression to estimate the change in outcome after versus before intervention implementation at the intervention site adjusted for the change observed at control sites and for prespecified covariates.

Change in total spectrum score of antibiotics administered within 24 hours of ED arrival associated with Code Sepsis implementation derived from adjusted differences-in-differences analysis