The 3 Wishes Project (3WP) was created to promote the connections between patients, family members, and clinicians that are foundational to empathic end-of-life care. It provides a scaffold for discussions about preferences and values at the end of life and leads to acts of compassion that arise from soliciting and implementing wishes that honour the dying patient. In a single center, investigators previously reported how the 3 Wishes Project forges interpersonal connections among patients, family members and clinicians, eases family grief, and offers experiential end of life education for clinicians-in-training.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the 3 Wishes Project could enhance compassionate care for dying patients and their families when implemented as a multicenter program. Given the importance of empowering frontline staff to adapt the 3WP to their own practice patterns, investigators did not protocolize this approach to personalizing end-of-life care. Investigators conceptualized this study as a formative evaluation of 3WP to examine its 1) Value: as experienced by family members, frontline clinicians, ICU managers and hospital administrators; 2) Transferability: successful implementation beyond the original ICU by a different mix of clinicians; 3) Affordability: cost of wishes being less than $50/patient; 4) Sustainability: project continuation beyond the first year of evaluation.

This is a mixed-methods formative program evaluation of the 3 Wishes Project implemented in ICUs in Toronto, Vancouver, Los Angeles, and the original center in Hamilton.

Implementation of the 3WP was aligned with the interests and cultural norms at each center, adapted by local clinicians with the resources available, assisted by close contact and informational guidance from the original site. Each center implemented the 3WP as both a clinical program and research project. Participating ICUs were all located in academic tertiary care centers with some differing features.

Design: This is a multi-center mixed-methods implementation and formative evaluation study. Data collection will be quantitative and qualitative (interviews and focus groups). Investigators will take a systems-level approach to produce information on how to implement the 3 Wishes Project in different settings, each with its own social microcosm, affordances and constraints.

Specific Aims are: 1) For patients, to provide compassionate end of life care consistent with their values and preferences; 2) For family members, to evaluate the project's impact on family views on end of life care; 3) For clinicians, to explore the project's impact on compassion, resilience, moral distress, and views on end of life care; 4) For ICU managers, to learn of any barriers to implementation and strategies for facilitation; and 5) For hospital administrators, to understand perceived costs and institutional benefits such as alignment with priorities for end of life care.

Investigators will use a case study approach examining particularities of the 'eco-system' of each ICU to examine how the 3 Wishes Project operates in each setting. This examination will include the constraints, affordances, and impacts available from the staffing model, organizational culture, end of life policies and administrative structure. An understanding of each ICU will be developed, with comparisons made to illuminate broader findings and suggest strategies for expanding the project elsewhere.

Patient Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patient is >18 years of age (a subgroup analysis will be conducted on those >65 years of age);
2. Patient has a >95% of dying during the ICU stay as judged by the ICU attending physician; or
3. a decision has been made to withdraw or withhold advanced life support in anticipation of death.

Patient/Family Exclusion Criteria:

1. Prohibitive communication challenges (e.g., serious psychological or psychiatric illness in the patient and/or family, inability of patient and/or family to communicate reasonably well in English or other language for which an interpreter exists - professional staff or otherwise);
2. Prohibitive logistics (e.g., patient admitted to the ICU for <24 hours, or anticipated to die within 24 hours of screening)
3. Patient or family declines. (Note that a patient who has "no family" (even very broadly defined as friends and neighbours, or community members and case workers for homeless persons) would not be excluded from the wish elicitation and implementation component of the project.

Patients must be admitted into the Intensive Care Unit, who are critically ill and have a poor outcome (likely to die during the ICU admission). When death looms in the ICU, people invariably interpret life through a lens of meaning - existential, spiritual, and relational. Through this lens, the 3 Wishes Project clearly facilitates holistic care, beyond the physical, to honour and celebrate a life. Staff are empowered and encouraged to sensitively elicit and then implementing at least 3 wishes from patients, family members, and/or clinicians caring for dying patients.

Participants did not agree to data sharing (qualitative or quantitative). Also, in some instances, this would be identifying. Feel free to contact us for further information.